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However, the rewards of these efforts were slow to reach many low- to middle-income countries (LMIC) across the African continent and globally. Therefore, two bead-based multiplexed serological assays were developed to determine SARS-CoV-2 exposure across four counties in Liberia. This study was conducted during the summer of 2021 on 189 samples collected throughout Grand Bassa, Bong, Margibi, and Montserrado counties. Our multiplexed immunoassay (MIA) detected elevated exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and multiple variant antigens. Additionally, we detected evidence of exposure to Dengue virus serotype 2, Chikungunya virus, and the seasonal coronavirus NL63. Our multiplexed inhibition test (MINT) was developed from the MIA to observe antibody-mediated inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to its cognate cellular receptor ACE-2. We detected inhibitory antibodies in the tested Liberian samples, which were collectively consistent with a convalescent serological profile. These complementary assays serve to supplement existing serological testing needs and may enhance the technical capacity of scientifically underrepresented regions globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/immuno4010007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T10:11:57Z","timestamp":1709547117000},"page":"108-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Serological Multiplexed Immunoassay (MIA) Detects Antibody Reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viral Pathogens in Liberia and Is Configurable as a Multiplexed Inhibition Test (MINT)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Brien K.","family":"Haun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"},{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7118-9803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"To","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2126-5089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlin A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aquena","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karalyn","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teri Ann S.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4864-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bode","family":"Shobayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia 1000, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Teahton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia 1000, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Ching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varney","family":"Kamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Medical Science, TJR Faulkner College of Science and Technology, University of Liberia, Fendall 1000, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davidetta M.","family":"Tekah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Medical Science, TJR Faulkner College of Science and Technology, University of Liberia, Fendall 1000, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Humphrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Medical Science, TJR Faulkner College of Science and Technology, University of Liberia, Fendall 1000, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4917-991X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Berestecky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Medical Science, TJR Faulkner College of Science and Technology, University of Liberia, Fendall 1000, Liberia"},{"name":"Math Science Department, Kapiolani Community College, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2044-2784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivek R.","family":"Nerurkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel T.","family":"Lehrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. 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