{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T20:32:50Z","timestamp":1782765170653,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science","award":["D01\u2013205\/23.11.2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D01\u2013205\/23.11.2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effect of one of the most popular 3D visualization and modelling technologies with haptic and touch feedback possibilities\u2014augmented reality (AR)\u2014is analysed herein. That includes a specific solution, incorporating augmented reality. A case study for delivering STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) content using this tool at one secondary school in Sofia is presented. The experience gained in one school year of using facilities for a STEM enrichment program has been examined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info11040209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T09:19:50Z","timestamp":1586942390000},"page":"209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["The Effect of Augmented Reality on Students\u2019 Learning Performance in Stem Education"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Plamen D.","family":"Petrov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information and Communication Technologies\u2014Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana V.","family":"Atanasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information and Communication Technologies\u2014Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Dede, C., Huang, R., and Richards, J. (2017). Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Realities in Education, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5490-7"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2019, September 01). Virtual Reality (VR). Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster. Available online: https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/VR."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nersesian, E., Spryszynski, A., and Lee, M.J. (2019, January 16). Integration of Virtual Reality in Secondary STEM Education. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Integrated STEM Education Conference (ISEC), Princeton, NJ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISECon.2019.8882070"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, S.Y., and Bailenson, J. (2017). Virtual and Augmented Reality, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. The International Encyclopaedia of Media Effects.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118783764.wbieme0172"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Kennedy, E. (2020, March 02). Can Virtual Reality Revolutionize Education?. 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Learning through AR\/VR Experiences. Available online: Zspace.com."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Do, K. (2020, March 02). 3d Technology at ISTE 2015. Cyber Science 3D. Available online: https:\/\/vivedlearning.com\/3d-technology-at-iste-2015-3\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2020, January 20). Opening of New STEM Laboratories Gives Sofia Pupils Room for Inspiration. Available online: https:\/\/www.ort.org\/en\/news\/opening-of-new-stem-laboratories-gives-sofia-pupils-room-for-inspiration\/."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2020, January 20). School Rooms of the Future\u2014Center for Natural Sciences Opened in Our School. Available online: https:\/\/www.hebrewschool-bg.org\/2018\/11\/27\/opening-new-stem-laboratories-gives-sofia-pupils-room-inspiration\/."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lytridis, C., Tsinakos, A., and Kazanidis, I. (2018). ARTutor\u2014An Augmented Reality Platform for Interactive Distance Learning. Educ. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci8010006"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birt, J., Stromberga, Z., Cowling, M., and Moro, C. (2018). Mobile Mixed Reality for Experiential Learning and Simulation in Medical and Health Sciences Education. Information, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/info9020031"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, C., and Duque, E. (2018). Creative Workshop Based on Augmented Reality for the Strengthening of Creativity through the Learning of the Design Thinking Methodology. Proceedings, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/proceedings2211359"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Dineva, K., and Atanasova, T. (2019, January 28\u201330). Regression Analysis on Data Received from Modular IoT System. Proceedings of the European Simulation and Modelling Conference ESM\u20192019, EUROSIS-ETI, Palma de Mallorca, Spain."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Barrett, P., Barrett, L., and Zhang, Y. (2020, January 20). Teacher s\u2019 Views of Their Primary School Class Rooms. Available online: https:\/\/usir.salford.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/36129\/1\/1-s2.0-S0360132315000700-main.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Hite, R.L. (2020, January 20). Perceptions of Virtual Presence in 3-D, Haptic-Enabled, Virtual Reality Science Instruction. (Under the Direction of M. Gail Jones). Available online: https:\/\/repository.lib.ncsu.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/1840.16\/10986\/etd.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/11\/4\/209\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:09:04Z","timestamp":1760364544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/11\/4\/209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["info11040209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info11040209","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]}}}