{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:31:37Z","timestamp":1791577897148,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002723","name":"German Federation of Industrial Research Associations","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AIF - 27 LN\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AIF - 27 LN\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002723","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) represents a sustainable source of proteins and fatty acids for feed and food. Industrial production of mealworms necessitates optimized processing techniques, where drying as the first postharvest procedure is of utmost importance for the quality of the final product. This study examines the nutritional quality of mealworm larvae processed by rack oven drying, vacuum drying or freeze drying, respectively. Proximate composition and fatty acid profile were comparable between the dried larvae. In contrast, larvae color impressions and volatile compound profiles were very much dependent on processing procedure. High-temperature rack oven drying caused pronounced darkening with rather low content of volatiles, pointing toward the progress of Maillard reaction. On the other hand, vacuum drying or freeze drying led to enrichment of volatile Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation intermediates, whose actual sensory relevance needs to be clarified in the future. Beyond sensory and visual importance drying intermediates have to be considered with regard to their metal ion chelating ability; in particular for essential trace elements such as Zn2+. This study found comparable total zinc contents for the differently dried mealworm samples. However, dried larvae, in particular after rack oven drying, had only low zinc accessibility, which was between 20% and 40%. Therefore, bioaccessibility rather than total zinc has to be considered when their contribution to meeting the nutritional requirements for zinc in humans and animals is evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10040084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T03:38:52Z","timestamp":1553830732000},"page":"84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Effect of Different Drying Methods on Nutrient Quality of the Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2935-0309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Kr\u00f6ncke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6237-8197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Grebenteuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Food Chemistry and Analytics, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, TU Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Keil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, TU Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Demtr\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Food Chemistry and Analytics, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, TU Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lothar","family":"Kroh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, TU Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9883-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas F.","family":"Th\u00fcnemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Benning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1622-8718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hajo","family":"Haase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, TU Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables, United Nations. Working Paper No ESA\/P\/WP241."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153704","article-title":"Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security","volume":"58","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2012.11.005","article-title":"Potential and challenges of insects as an innovative source for food and feed production","volume":"17","author":"Rumpold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2015). Risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed. EFSA J., 13, 4257.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4257"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2018.06.003","article-title":"Effect of freezing and drying processes on the molecular traits of edible yellow mealworm","volume":"48","author":"Melis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.07.148","article-title":"Sustainability of insect use for feed and food: Life cycle assessment perspective","volume":"137","author":"Smetana","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2017-0033","article-title":"Sustainable farming of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor for the production of food and feed","volume":"72","author":"Grau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Naturforsch C"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oonincx, D.G.A.B., van Itterbeeck, J., Heetkamp, M.J.W., van den Brand, H., van Loon, J.J.A., and van Huis, A. (2010). An exploration on greenhouse gas and ammonia production by insect species suitable for animal or human consumption. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014445"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oonincx, D.G.A.B., and de Boer, I.J.M. (2012). Environmental impact of the production of mealworms as a protein source for humans\u2014A life cycle assessment. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051145"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6190","DOI":"10.3390\/w7116190","article-title":"Mealworms for food: A water footprint perspective","volume":"7","author":"Miglietta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oonincx, D.G.A.B., van Broekhoven, S., van Huis, A., and van Loon, J.J.A. (2015). Feed conversion, survival and development, and composition of four insect species on diets composed of food by-products. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144601"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.02.006","article-title":"Suitability of microwave drying for mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) as alternative to freeze drying: Impact on nutritional quality and colour","volume":"254","author":"Lenaerts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.07.011","article-title":"Effect of blanching followed by refrigerated storage or industrial microwave drying on the microbial load of yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor)","volume":"71","author":"Vandeweyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsotsas, E., and Mujumdar, A.S. (2011). Quality changes in food materials as influenced by drying processes. Modern Drying Technology, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527631667"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"66","article-title":"Action des Acides Amines sur les Sucres; Formation des M\u00e9lanoidines par voie M\u00e9thodique","volume":"154","author":"Maillard","year":"1912","journal-title":"C. R. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.199005653","article-title":"New Aspects of the Maillard Reaction in Foods and in the Human Body","volume":"29","author":"Ledl","year":"1990","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbosa-C\u00e1novas, G.V., Fontana, A.J., Schmidt, S.J., and Labuza, T.P. (2007). Water Activity in Foods: Fundamentals and Applications, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470376454"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2017.04.003","article-title":"Nutritional composition of five commercial edible insects in South Korea","volume":"20","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Asia Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Van Huis, A., van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G., and Vantomme, P. (2013). Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.10.114","article-title":"Review of food composition data for edible insects","volume":"193","author":"Nowak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422418000094","article-title":"Insects as sources of iron and zinc in human nutrition","volume":"31","author":"Mwangi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/fqsafe\/fyy001","article-title":"Edible insects as a means to address global malnutrition and food insecurity issues","volume":"2","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Qual. Saf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201200735","article-title":"Nutritional composition and safety aspects of edible insects","volume":"57","author":"Rumpold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fombong, F.T., van Der Borght, M., and Vanden Broeck, J. (2017). Influence of freeze-drying and oven-drying post blanching on the nutrient composition of the edible insect Ruspolia differens. Insects, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects8030102"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8420","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b03286","article-title":"In vitro iron availability from insects and sirloin beef","volume":"64","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s12393-014-9078-7","article-title":"Novel drying techniques for the food industry","volume":"6","author":"Moses","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2018.10.009","article-title":"Comparison of suitable drying processes for mealworms (Tenebrio molitor)","volume":"50","author":"Woyzichovski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-017-2953-8","article-title":"Effect of pre-treatment and drying method on physico-chemical properties and dry fractionation behaviour of mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.)","volume":"244","author":"Purschke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Verband Deutscher Landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs-und Forschungsanstalten (2013). VDLUFA methodenbuch III. Band III\u2014Die Chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln, VDLUFA-Verlag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7110.1000758","article-title":"Evaluation of color Tenebrio molitor Larvae by different methods of dehydration","volume":"9","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)87931-0","article-title":"Rapid method for the determination of fatty acid profiles from fats and oils using trimethylsulphonium hydroxide for transesterification","volume":"261","author":"Butte","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1080\/10826070802129092","article-title":"Recent advances in headspace gas chromatography","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2013.815284","article-title":"Analytically monitored digestion of silver nanoparticles and their toxicity on human intestinal cells","volume":"8","author":"Girod","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-016-2828-4","article-title":"Insight into the proximate composition and microbial diversity of edible insects marketed in the European Union","volume":"243","author":"Osimani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2014.05.052","article-title":"Insect lipid profile: Aqueous versus organic solvent-based extraction methods","volume":"62","author":"Yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.02.087","article-title":"Comparative analysis of standardised and common modifications of methods for lipid extraction for the determination of fatty acids","volume":"134","author":"Taha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"287","article-title":"Larvae of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) as European novel food","volume":"4","author":"Siemianowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2017.02.001","article-title":"Insect fatty acids: A comparison of lipids from three Orthopterans and Tenebrio molitor L. larvae","volume":"20","author":"Paul","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Asia Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2010). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. EFSA J., 8, 1\u2013107.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1461"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2010). Fats and Fatty Acids in Human Nutrition Report of an Expert Consultation, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9700-1","article-title":"Elemental concentration in mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor L.) during metamorphosis","volume":"154","author":"Simon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00317","article-title":"Application of in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability methods for calcium, carotenoids, folate, iron, magnesium, polyphenols, zinc, and vitamins B6, B12, D, and E","volume":"3","author":"Etcheverry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maares, M., Keil, C., Koza, J., Straubing, S., Schwerdtle, T., and Haase, H. (2018). In vitro studies on zinc binding and buffering by intestinal mucins. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092662"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12014","article-title":"Edible insects in a food safety and nutritional perspective: A critical review","volume":"12","author":"Belluco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"22","article-title":"Insects as food and feed: Laws of the European union, United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, and China","volume":"12","author":"Deschamps","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Food Feed Law Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12291","article-title":"Opportunities and hurdles of edible insects for food and feed","volume":"42","author":"Dobermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"44","article-title":"Insects as food: Perception and acceptance. Findings from current research","volume":"64","author":"Hartmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ernahrungs Umschau"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Jongema, Y. (2019, February 10). List of Edible Insects of the World. Available online: https:\/\/www.wur.nl\/en\/Research-Results\/Chair-groups\/Plant-Sciences\/Laboratory-of-Entomology\/Edible-insects\/Worldwide-species-list.htm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4044","article-title":"Critical moisture content for microbial growth in dried food-processing residues","volume":"90","author":"Rezaei","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/lite.201100094","article-title":"The Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation","volume":"23","author":"Zamora","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lipid Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60186a029","article-title":"Flavor Compounds: Volatilities in vegetable oil and oil-water mixtures. Estimation of odor thresholds","volume":"21","author":"Buttery","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"George, R., and Waller, M.S.F. (1983). Sensory Properties of Volatile Maillard Reaction Products and Related Compounds. The Mailla, American Chemical Society."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1995.tb09834.x","article-title":"Detectable Odor Thresholds of Selected Lipid Oxidation Compounds in a Meat Model System","volume":"60","author":"Brewer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7124","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201309508","article-title":"Nature\u2019s chemical signatures in human olfaction: A foodborne perspective for future biotechnology","volume":"53","author":"Dunkel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4324","DOI":"10.1021\/jf001523t","article-title":"Aroma components of cooked tail meat of American lobster (Homarus americanus)","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"144","article-title":"Zinc and its importance for human health","volume":"18","author":"Roohani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7041342","article-title":"The essential toxin: Impact of zinc on human health","volume":"7","author":"Plum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2012.04.004","article-title":"Discovery of human zinc deficiency: 50 years later","volume":"26","author":"Prasad","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2006.01.006","article-title":"Zinc requirements and the risks and benefits of zinc supplementation","volume":"20","author":"Maret","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572116652252","article-title":"A review of dietary zinc recommendations","volume":"37","author":"Gibson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung (DGE), \u00d6sterreichische Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung (\u00d6GE), Schweizerische Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrungsforschung (SGE), and Schweizerische Vereinigung f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung (SVE) (2018). D-A-CH Referenzwerte f\u00fcr die N\u00e4hrstoffzufuhr, Neuer Umschau Buchverlag. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1378S","article-title":"Dietary factors influencing zinc absorption","volume":"130","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8727","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b02998","article-title":"Zinc bioavailability from phytate-rich foods and zinc supplements. Modeling the effects of food components with oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur donor ligands","volume":"65","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-5967.12304","article-title":"Extraction of chitin and chitosan from larval exuvium and whole body of edible mealworm, Tenebrio molitor","volume":"48","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anastopoulos, I., Bhatnagar, A., Bikiaris, D.N., and Kyzas, G.Z. (2017). Chitin adsorbents for toxic metals: A review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010114"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.1997.9991521","article-title":"The nutritional value of edible insects","volume":"36","author":"Bukkens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecol. Food Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(96)00162-8","article-title":"Metal ion complexation by products of the Maillard reaction","volume":"58","author":"Morrissey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03179792","article-title":"Influence of heat treatment of casein in presence of reducing sugars on Zn solubility and Zn uptake by Caco-2 cells after in vitro digestion","volume":"56","author":"Seiquer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19890074","article-title":"The effect of Maillard reaction products on zinc metabolism in the rat","volume":"62","author":"Furniss","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.06.033","article-title":"Subcellular partitioning of cadmium and zinc in mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) larvae exposed to metal-contaminated flour","volume":"133","author":"Bednarska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1039\/C8MT00064F","article-title":"The impact of apical and basolateral albumin on intestinal zinc resorption in the Caco-2\/HT-29-MTX co-culture model","volume":"10","author":"Maares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.75.6.385","article-title":"Measurements of zinc absorption: Application and interpretation in research designed to improve human zinc nutriture","volume":"75","author":"Hambidge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.006","article-title":"The redox biology of redox-inert zinc ions","volume":"134","author":"Maret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/10\/4\/84\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:40:52Z","timestamp":1760186452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/10\/4\/84"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["insects10040084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects10040084","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]]}}}