{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:06:45Z","timestamp":1784783205023,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre for Invasion Biology","award":["\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\/"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cacosceles newmannii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an emerging pest of sugarcane in South Africa. The larvae of this cerambycid beetle live within the sugarcane stalk and drill galleries that considerably reduce sugar production. To provide an alternative to chemical control, entomopathogenic nematodes and fungus were investigated as potential biological control agents to be used in an integrated pest management system. The nematodes Steinernema yirgalemense, S. jeffreyense, Heterorhabditis indica, and different concentrations of the fungus Metarhizium pinghaense were screened for efficacy (i.e., mortality rate) against larvae of C. newmannii. The different biocontrol agents used, revealed a low level of pathogenicity to C. newmannii larvae, when compared to control treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10040117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T03:39:02Z","timestamp":1556163542000},"page":"117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["First Screening of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Fungus as Biocontrol Agents against an Emerging Pest of Sugarcane, Cacosceles newmannii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7878-2936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Javal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9665-9405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John S.","family":"Terblanche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1241-3430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desmond E.","family":"Conlong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"},{"name":"South African Sugarcane Research Institute, 170 Flanders Drive, Mount Edgecombe, KwaZulu-Natal 4300, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9257-0312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoinette P.","family":"Malan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ferreira, G.W.S. (1980). The Parandrinae and the Prioninae of Southern Africa (Cerambycidae, Coleoptera), National Museum. Memoir nr 13, Memoirs van die Nasionale Museum, Posbus 266."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Way, M.J., Conlong, D.E., Rutherford, R.S., Sweby, D.L., Gillespie, D.Y., Stranack, R.A., Lagerwall, G., Grobbelaar, E., and Perissinotto, R. (2017, January 15\u201317). Cacosceles (Zelogenes) newmannii (Thomson) (Cerambycidae:Prioninae), a new pest in the South African sugarcane industry. Proceedings of the 90th Annual Congress of the South African Sugar Technologists Association, Durban, South Africa."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Javal, M., Thomas, S., Barton, M.G., Gillespie, D., Conlong, D.E., and Terblanche, J.S. (2018, January 14\u201316). Understanding the recent invasion of Cacosceles newmannii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) into sugarcane from a thermal perspective. Proceedings of the 91st Annual Congress of the South African Sugar Technologists Association, Durban, South Africa."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1303\/aez.2002.595","article-title":"Life history of the white grub Dasylepida sp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), a new and severe pest on sugarcane on the Miyako Islands, Okinawa","volume":"37","author":"Oyafuso","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"157","article-title":"New insect pests of sugarcane in India","volume":"4","author":"Mukunthen","year":"2002","journal-title":"SugarTech"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2005.12.014","article-title":"Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes to larvae of the guava weevil, Conotrachelus psidii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in laboratory and greenhouse experiments","volume":"38","author":"Dolinski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Pliansinchai, U., Jarnkoon, V., Siengsri, S., Kaenkong, C., Pangma, S., and Weerathaworn, P. (August, January 29). Ecology and destructive behaviour of cane boring grub (Dorysthenes buqueti Guerin) in North Eastern Thailand. Proceedings of the XXVI Congress of the International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, Durban, South Africa."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.43.032904.092924","article-title":"Commercialization and implementation of biocontrol","volume":"43","author":"Fravel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1006\/bcon.2001.0938","article-title":"Insect pathogens as biological control agents: Do they have a future?","volume":"21","author":"Lacey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26777-7_2","article-title":"The hidden and external costs of pesticide use","volume":"19","author":"Bourguet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustain. Agric. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/09583159631361","article-title":"The natural host range of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp. and their impact on insect populations","volume":"6","author":"Peters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labaude, S., and Griffin, C.T. (2018). Transmission success of entomopathogenic nematodes used in pest control. Insects, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects9020072"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos-Herrera, R. (2015). Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests: Ecology and Applied Technologies for Sustainable Plant and Crop Protection, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18266-7"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Gaugler, R., and Kaya, H.K. (1990). Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Taxonomy and Biology of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2005.11.004","article-title":"Status of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria from selected countries or regions of the world","volume":"38","author":"Kaya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"257","article-title":"Movement of the Entomogenous Nematodes of the Families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae in Soil","volume":"19","author":"Schroeder","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Nematol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Poinar, G.O. (1979). Nematodes for Biological Control of Insects, CRC Press, Inc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/09583159631370","article-title":"Pathogenicity and host specificity of entomopathogenic nematodes","volume":"6","author":"Rosa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530100711","article-title":"Mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes for plant protection","volume":"56","author":"Ehlers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"37","article-title":"Utilisation of the green muscardine, Metarhizium anisopliae, to controle the sugarcane longhorne stem borer Dorysthenes buqueti Guerin (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)","volume":"114","author":"Suksen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Sugar J."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Suasa-ard, W., Sommartya, P., Buchatian, P., Puntongcum, A., and Chiangsin, R. (February, January 29). Effect of Metarhizium anisopliae on infection of sugarcane stems borer, Dorysthenes buqueti Guerin (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in laboratory. Proceedings of the 46th Kasetsart University Annual Conference, Kasetsart, Thailand."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycres.2009.03.004","article-title":"Production of microsclerotia of the fungal entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae and their potential for use as a biocontrol agent for soil-inhabiting insects","volume":"113","author":"Jackson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mycol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2006.11.003","article-title":"A review of introductions of pathogens and nematodes for classical biological control of insects and mites","volume":"41","author":"Hajek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2007.09.006","article-title":"Evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorok. to target larvae and adults of Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in soil and fiber band applications","volume":"97","author":"Marannino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-003-1240-8","article-title":"Entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents","volume":"61","author":"Shah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fourie, H., Spaull, V.W., Jones, R.K., Daneel, M.S., and De Waele, D. (2017). Entomopathogenic nematodes. Nematology in South Africa: A View from the 21st Century, Springer International.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44210-5"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/09583159631299","article-title":"Current and future use of nematodes in biocontrol: Practice and commercial aspects with regard to regulatory policy issues","volume":"6","author":"Ehlers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatting, J.L., Moore, S.D., and Malan, A.P. (2018). Microbial control of phytophagous invertebrate pests in South Africa: Current status and future prospects. J. Invertebr. Pathol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2018.02.004"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1247","article-title":"Integrated pest management (IPM): Definition, historical development and implementation, and the other IPM","volume":"62","author":"Ehler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.4001\/003.023.0232","article-title":"Cost-effective culturing of Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor and nematode production in various hosts","volume":"23","author":"Malan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1080\/09583157.2015.1019831","article-title":"Isolation and pathogenicity of some South African entomopathogenic fungi (Ascomycota) against eggs and larvae of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)","volume":"25","author":"Abaajeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"65","article-title":"Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) from the southwestern parts of South Africa","volume":"12","author":"Malan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Afr. Plant Prot."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2011.07.006","article-title":"Isolation and identification of entomopathogenic nematodes from citrus orchards and their biocontrol potential against false codling moth","volume":"108","author":"Malan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Patholol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X15000097","article-title":"Steinernema jeffreyense n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), new entomopathogenic nematode from South Africa","volume":"90","author":"Malan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"467","article-title":"Heterorhabditis indicus n. sp. (Rhabditida: Nematoda) fom India: Separation of Heterorhabditis spp. by infective juveniles","volume":"15","author":"Poinar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fundam. Appl. Nematol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navon, A., and Ascher, K.R.S. (2000). Bioassays for entomopathogenic nematodes. Bioassays of Entomopathogenic Microbes and Nematodes, CABI Publishing.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994222.0000"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"R Core Team (2016). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-017-1266-2","article-title":"Three novel Xenorhabdus\u2013Steinernema associations and evidence of strains of X. khoisanae switching between different clades","volume":"74","author":"Dreyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4001\/003.022.0114","article-title":"In vitro Liquid Culture of a South African Isolate of Heterorhabditis zealandica for the Control of Insect Pests","volume":"22","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2011.911.17","article-title":"Horticultural pest management and the African economy: Successes, challenges and opportunities in a changing global environment","volume":"911","author":"Ekesi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/09583157.2018.1531111","article-title":"A review on the genus Metarhizium as an entomopathogenic microbial biocontrol agent with emphasis on its use and utility in Mexico","volume":"29","author":"Moonjely","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Mathulwe, L.L. (2019). Control of the Woolly Apple Aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Using Entomopathogenic Fungi. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Stellenbosch]."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Campos-Herrera, R. (2015). Entomopathogenic Nematode Exploitation: Case Studies in Laboratory and Field Applications from South Africa. Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection: Ecology and Applied Technologies for Sustainable Plant and Crop Protection, Springer."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"800","article-title":"Insect defence: Its impact on microbial control of insect pests","volume":"86","author":"Narayanan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06620-2","article-title":"Host seeking parasitic nematodes use specific odors to assess host resources","volume":"7","author":"Baiocchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd-Elgawad, M., Askary, T.H., and Coupland, J. (2017). Entomopathogenic nematodes: General biology and behaviour. Biocontrol Agents Entomopathogenic and Slug Parasitic Nematodes, CABI Publishing.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781786390004.0000"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.46.1.667","article-title":"Biological control of locusts and grasshoppers","volume":"46","author":"Lomer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/10\/4\/117\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:47:02Z","timestamp":1760186822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/10\/4\/117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["insects10040117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects10040117","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]}}}