{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:54:47Z","timestamp":1780617287500,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"undefined  &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray;font-size:10px;&quot;&gt;undefined&lt;\/span&gt;","award":["BRD1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRD1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>House flies are important nuisance pests in a variety of confined livestock operations. More importantly, house flies are known mechanical vectors of numerous animal and human pathogens. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an economically important, complex illness of cattle associated with several bacteria and viruses. The role of flies in the ecology and transmission of bacterial pathogens associated with BRD is not understood. Using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods, we examined the prevalence of the BRD bacterial complex Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Histophilus somni in house flies collected in a commercial feedlot from a pen with cattle exhibiting apparent BRD symptoms. Using both methods, M. haemolytica was detected in 11.7% of house flies, followed by P. multocida (5.0%) and H. somni (3.3%). The presence of BRD bacterial pathogens in house flies suggests that this insect plays a role in the ecology of BRD pathogens and could pose a risk as a potential reservoir and\/or a vector of BRD pathogens among individual cattle and in their environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10100358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T11:24:15Z","timestamp":1571397855000},"page":"358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["House Flies (Musca domestica) Pose a Risk of Carriage and Transmission of Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1230-1324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saraswoti","family":"Neupane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9258-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana","family":"Nayduch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4912-3138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludek","family":"Zurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Center for Zoonoses, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central European Institute of Technology, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.2527\/1998.761272x","article-title":"Impact of disease on feedlot performance: a review","volume":"76","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252314000176","article-title":"Review of BRD pathogenesis: the old and the new","volume":"15","author":"Mosier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-046","article-title":"Bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle: Environmental, genetic, and economic factors","volume":"84","author":"Snowder","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1095","article-title":"The epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease: What is the evidence for predisposing factors?","volume":"51","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02485-13","article-title":"Pathogens of bovine respiratory disease in North American feedlots conferring multidrug resistance via integrative conjugative elements","volume":"52","author":"Klima","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252309990193","article-title":"Update on bacterial pathogenesis in BRD","volume":"10","author":"Confer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.12.015","article-title":"Nasal isolation of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida as predictors of respiratory disease in shipped calves","volume":"99","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)31328-1","article-title":"Feedlot cattle pneumonias","volume":"1","author":"Wikse","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Mullen, G., and Durden, L. (2009). Muscid flies (Muscidae). Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/saw083","article-title":"Flourishing in filth: House fly\u2013microbe interactions across life history","volume":"110","author":"Nayduch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"371","article-title":"The role of one species of cockroach and several species of flies in the dissemination of Brucella","volume":"2","author":"Ruhland","year":"1941","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2001.00292.x","article-title":"Diptera as vectors of mycobacterial infections in cattle and pigs","volume":"15","author":"Fischer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2018.11.001","article-title":"Fly repellency using deltamethrin may reduce intramammary infections of dairy cows under intensive management","volume":"61","author":"Arsenopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.01.006","article-title":"Transmission of Escherichia coli O157: H7 to cattle by house flies","volume":"80","author":"Ahmad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-09-225","article-title":"PCR assay detects Mannheimia haemolytica in culture-negative pneumonic lung tissues of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) from outbreaks in the western USA, 2009-2010","volume":"50","author":"Shanthalingam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Wildlife Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02823","article-title":"Development and application of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid detection of 4 major bacterial pathogens in ducks","volume":"92","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.4.1096-1100.1998","article-title":"Development of PCR assays for species- and type-specific identification of Pasteurella multocida isolates","volume":"36","author":"Townsend","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04612.x","article-title":"Investigating deep phylogenetic relationships among cyanobacteria and plastids by small subunit rRNA sequence analysis","volume":"46","author":"Turner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199207303270501","article-title":"Identification of the uncultured Bacillus of Whipple\u2019s disease","volume":"327","author":"Relman","year":"1992","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389","article-title":"Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs","volume":"25","author":"Altschul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"237","article-title":"Nasal bacterial flora of calves in healthy and pneumonia-prone herds","volume":"33","author":"Magwood","year":"1969","journal-title":"Can. J. Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.04.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis and pathology of bovine pneumonia","volume":"26","author":"Panciera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"167","article-title":"Effect of time of year, weather, and the pattern of auction market sales on fatal fibrinous pneumonia (shipping fever) in calves in a large feedlot in Alberta (1985\u20131988)","volume":"59","author":"Ribble","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"373","article-title":"Risk factors for initial respiratory disease in United States\u2019 feedlots based on producer collected daily morbidity counts","volume":"49","author":"Sanderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)31898-8","article-title":"Experimental production of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis","volume":"37","author":"Gibbs","year":"1984","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1264","article-title":"Abundance and accumulation of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium procured by male and female house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) exposed to cattle manure","volume":"110","author":"Thomson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"341","article-title":"The microbial flora of therespiratory tract in feedlot calves: associations between nasopharyngeal and bronchoalveolar lavage cultures","volume":"55","author":"Allen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2011.01248.x","article-title":"Phylogenetic characterization of bacteria in the gut of house flies (Musca domestica L.)","volume":"79","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/10\/10\/358\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:27:41Z","timestamp":1760189261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/10\/10\/358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["insects10100358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects10100358","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]]}}}