{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T09:56:55Z","timestamp":1779357415464,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]],"date-time":"2020-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3020-32000-007-00D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3020-32000-007-00D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adult house flies frequent microbe-rich sites such as urban dumpsters and animal facilities, and encounter and ingest bacteria during feeding and reproductive activities. Due to unique nutritional and reproductive needs, male and female flies demonstrate different interactions with microbe-rich substrates and therefore dissemination potential. We investigated culturable aerobic bacteria and coliform abundance in male and female flies (n = 107) collected from urban (restaurant dumpsters) and agricultural (dairy farm) sites. Whole-fly homogenate was aerobically cultured and enumerated on nonselective (tryptic soy agar; culturable bacteria) and selective (violet-red bile agar, VRBA; coliforms) media. Unique morphotypes from VRBA cultures of agricultural flies were identified and tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials. Female flies harbored more bacteria than males and there was a sex by site interaction with sex effects on bacterial abundance at the urban site. Coliform abundance did not differ by sex, site or sex within site. Both male and female flies carried antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria: 36\/38 isolates (95%) were resistant to \u22651 antimicrobial, 33\/38 were multidrug-resistant (\u22652), and 24\/38 isolates were resistant to \u22654 antimicrobials. Our results emphasize the role of house flies in harboring bacteria including AMR strains that pose a risk to human and animal health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11070401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T03:40:07Z","timestamp":1593402007000},"page":"401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Environmental and Sex Effects on Bacterial Carriage by Adult House Flies (Musca domestica L.)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1230-1324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saraswoti","family":"Neupane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kotie","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4912-3138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludek","family":"Zurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central European Institute of Technology, Center for Zoonoses, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9258-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana","family":"Nayduch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/29.2.232","article-title":"Relationship between selected bacteria and the growth of immature house flies, Musca domestica, in an axenic test system","volume":"29","author":"Schmidtmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. 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