{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:25:45Z","timestamp":1790148345503,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007061","name":"Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COL-11-043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COL-11-043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017486","name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n, Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AS and JEC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AS and JEC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017486","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission in the New World is observed in areas with rich sand fly species\u2019 faunas. The diversity and composition of sand fly species can change in response to seasonal weather and land use changes. Here, we present results from a two-year-long study where we collected, using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps, sand flies from two rural areas, Las Pavas (LP) and Trinidad de las Minas (T) in western Panam\u00e1. Over 710 trap-nights, we collected 16,156 sand flies from 15 genera and 35 species. We identified 34 species in T, and the most abundant species collected was Nyssomyia trapidoi (Fairchild and Hertig, 1952) (n = 2278, 37%), followed by Psychodopygus panamensis (Shannon, 1926) (n = 1112, 18%), and Trichopygomyia triramula (Fairchild and Hertig, 1952) (n = 1063, 17%). In LP, we identified 26 species, and the most abundant species collected were Ty. triramula (n = 4729, 48%), and Ps. panamensis (n = 3444, 35%). We estimated a higher species\u2019 richness in T (Chao2 \u00b1 S.E.: 36.58 \u00b1 3.84) than in LP (27.49 \u00b1 2.28). In T, species\u2019 richness was significantly higher in the rainy season, but no seasonal differences were observed in LP. Species\u2019 assemblages were nested in the two areas. Phlebotomine sand fly species\u2019 abundance increased at the two sites during the rainy season. Our data suggest that seasonality is more important than land use as a factor driving sand fly species\u2019 diversity at the studied sites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12020113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T05:23:05Z","timestamp":1611811385000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Diversity, Co-Occurrence, and Nestedness Patterns of Sand Fly Species (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Two Rural Areas of Western Panam\u00e1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2426-6511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chystrie A.","family":"Rigg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n en Parasitolog\u00eda, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panam\u00e1 0816-02593, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milixa","family":"Perea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n en Parasitolog\u00eda, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panam\u00e1 0816-02593, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7297-1322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kadir","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n en Parasitolog\u00eda, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panam\u00e1 0816-02593, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azael","family":"Salda\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n en Parasitolog\u00eda, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panam\u00e1 0816-02593, Panama"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Diagn\u00f3stico de Enfermedades Parasitarias (CIDEP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Ciudad de Panam\u00e1 4 3366, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 E.","family":"Calzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n en Parasitolog\u00eda, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panam\u00e1 0816-02593, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1345-1583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en Geograf\u00eda Ambiental (CIGA), Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Morelia 58190, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole L.","family":"Gottdenker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases (CEID) University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5301-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Fernando","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Costarricense de Investigaci\u00f3n y Ense\u00f1anza en Nutrici\u00f3n y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres R\u00edos, Cartago 4-2250, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvar, J., V\u00e9lez, I.D., Bern, C., Herrero, M., Desjeux, P., Cano, J., Jannin, J., den Boer, M., and WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team (2012). 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