{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T09:12:13Z","timestamp":1773825133337,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004299","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n Superior, Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIC-12INH-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIC-12INH-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004299","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004299","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n Superior, Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIC-12INH-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIC-12INH-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004299","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aedes aegypti, also known as the yellow fever mosquito, is the main vector of several arboviruses. In Ecuador, dengue and chikungunya are the most prevalent mosquito-borne diseases. Hence, there is a need to understand the population dynamics and genetic structure of the vector in tropical areas for a better approach towards effective vector control programs. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity of Ae. aegypti, through the analyses of the mitochondrial gene ND4, using a combination of phylogenetic and population genetic structure from 17 sites in Ecuador. Results showed two haplotypes in the Ecuadorian populations of Ae. aegypti. Haplotype 1 was closely related to Ae. aegypti reported from America, Asia, and West Africa. Haplotype 2 was only related to samples from America. The sampled vectors from the diverse localities showed low nucleotide diversity (\u03c0 = 0\u20130.01685) and genetic differentiation (FST = 0.152). AMOVA analyses indicated that most of the variation (85\u201391%) occurred within populations, suggesting that geographical barriers have little effect on the genetic structure of Ecuadorian populations of Ae. aegypti. These results agree with the one main population (K = 1) detected by Structure. Vector genetic identity may be a key factor in the planning of vector control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12030200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T03:44:31Z","timestamp":1614397471000},"page":"200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Two Haplotypes of Aedes aegypti Detected by ND4 Mitochondrial Marker in Three Regions of Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Patricio","family":"Ponce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud P\u00fablica, Gesti\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n, Quito 170136, Ecuador"},{"name":"Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4609-3703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Tobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud P\u00fablica, Gesti\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n, Quito 170136, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3581-7761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Carrazco-Montalvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud P\u00fablica, Gesti\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n, Quito 170136, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3250-6589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephany D.","family":"Villota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud P\u00fablica, Gesti\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n, Quito 170136, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josefina","family":"Coloma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Holechek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8666-1536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Varsovia","family":"Cevallos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud P\u00fablica, Gesti\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n, Quito 170136, Ecuador"},{"name":"Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization) (2010). 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