{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:59Z","timestamp":1787028599018,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship \u200efor Research &amp; Innovation, Ministry of Education, in \u200eSaudi Arabia","award":["project number IFT20079."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project number IFT20079."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current study was designed to investigate the insecticide role of volatile constituents produced from cell suspensions of T. vulgaris and O. basilicum against R. ferrugineus. Constituents were extracted from cell suspension after 40 days. Growth kinetics were measured with an inoculation of Verticillium dahliae and identified by GC-MS. Total volatile phenolic constituents were measured. Insecticidal activity against R. ferrugineus (adult) and proteolytic enzyme activity in larvae were assessed. GC-MS showed that the T. vulgaris extract has higher amounts of thymol, p-cymene, \u03b3-terpinene, \u03b2-caryophyllene, and linalool in comparison to the O. basilicum extract, which is rich in estragole, \u03b2-terpineol, (E)-\u03b2-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, germacrene D, and eugenol. The T. vulgaris extract showed an LC50 of 1032 \u00b5g\/mL, followed by O. basilicum with an LC50 of 1246 \u00b5g\/mL. The IC50 values against the total proteases were 110.8 and 119.4 \u00b5g\/mL for T.\u00a0vulgaris and O.\u00a0basilicum, respectively. The IC50 for the trypsin-like serine proteinase assessment was 81.6 and 91 \u00b5g\/mL for T.\u00a0vulgaris and O.\u00a0basilicum, respectively. Cysteine, chymotrypsin, and metalloproteinase assessment showed an IC50 above 5000 \u00b5g\/mL for both extracts. The study is proposed as a potential approach to use T. vulgaris and O. basilicum extract as a bio-insecticide against R. ferrugineus using an accessible and efficient cell suspension technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12050405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T10:53:29Z","timestamp":1619780009000},"page":"405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Bio-Insecticide of Thymus vulgaris and Ocimum basilicum Extract from Cell Suspensions and Their Inhibitory Effect against Serine, Cysteine, and Metalloproteinases of the Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1285-6538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossam Moustafa","family":"Darrag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Training Station, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pesticide Chemistry and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Refdan","family":"Alhajhoj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arid Land Agriculture Department, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7892-3380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hany Ezzat","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"371","article-title":"Socioeconomic and traditional importance of date palm","volume":"24","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emir. 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