{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T10:27:26Z","timestamp":1774348046644,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]],"date-time":"2021-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kissing bugs readily enter homes in the Sonoran Desert and bite the residents. Their saliva is highly antigenic, causing local and systemic skin reactions and life-threatening anaphylaxis. We attempted to determine what characteristics of homesites may have contributed to home intrusion by kissing bugs. Extensive and detailed information about the homes and the home environment was collected from 78 homeowners in Tucson who suffered kissing bug intrusions. Homeowners collected 298 Triatoma rubida in and around their homes. Of the homes entered by kissing bugs, 29 of 46 (63%) contained bugs harboring Trypanosoma cruzi. Although in the aggregate, homeowners were bitten &gt; 2200 times, no individual tested positive for Chagas disease (N = 116). Although yearly intrusion likely occurs in some homes, T. rubida does not domiciliate within homesites in the Desert Southwest. We conclude there is little risk to homeowners for Chagas disease given the current behavior of resident kissing bugs and absent ingesting kissing bug fecal matter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12070654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T21:16:48Z","timestamp":1626643008000},"page":"654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Kissing Bug Intrusions into Homes in the Southwest United States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Klotz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Family and Community Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Family and Community Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin O.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwestern Biological Institute and Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.12.006","article-title":"New insights on the spread of Triatoma infestans from Bolivia\u2014Implications for Chagas disease emergence in the Southern Cone","volume":"10","author":"Cortez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761955000200023","article-title":"Infestacao domiciliaria em grau extremeo por Triatoma infestans","volume":"53","author":"Dias","year":"1955","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101565","article-title":"A deadly feast: Elucidating the burden of orally acquired acute Chagas disease in Latin America\u2014Public health and travel medicine importance","volume":"36","author":"Schultz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1949.s1-29.43","article-title":"Additional Observations on Trypanosoma Cruzi Chagas, from Arizona in Insects, Rodents, and Experimentally Infected Animals 1","volume":"s1\u2013s29","author":"Wood","year":"1949","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1086\/652769","article-title":"\u201cKissing Bugs\u201d: Potential Disease Vectors and Cause of Anaphylaxis","volume":"50","author":"Klotz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EHI.S32834-9","DOI":"10.4137\/EHI.S32834","article-title":"Kissing Bug (Triatoma spp.) Intrusion into Homes: Troublesome Bites and Domiciliation","volume":"10","author":"Klotz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Insights"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.06.016","article-title":"Kissing Bugs Harboring Trypanosoma cruzi, Frequently Bite Residents of the US Southwest But Do Not Cause Chagas Disease","volume":"133","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. 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