{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T17:50:26Z","timestamp":1773251426207,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014439","name":"Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FEDKITO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDKITO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014439","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Not applicabile"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicabile"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Blowflies are vectors of microorganisms and human pathogens, and their maggots cause myiasis in vertebrates and infest and spoil meat and fish products. Essential oils (EOs) from spices were proven to be a safer and more sustainable alternative to synthetic insecticides for the control of blowflies and are suitable for protecting food from such pests. However, some EOs are not acceptable for environmental or topical applications due to their strong, unpleasant odour. In this study, we measured the acute toxicity and the repellence of two EOs extracted from the Andean plants Aloysia citrodora Palau and Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana and Planch., both known for their pleasant odour, against the blue blowfly Calliphora vomitoria (L.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). We also compared their bioactivity with that of the Allium sativum L. EO, which is very effective but bad-smelling. The A. citrodora EO was mainly rich in oxygenated monoterpenes, the most abundant of which were geranial (26.8%) and neral (21.0%). The B. graveolens EO was chiefly composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons, mostly represented by limonene (46.2%). According to the sensory description, the best odour profile was associated with the A. citrodora EO, while the olfactory expression of the EO from B. graveolens was negatively affected by a strong odour of \u201cmouldy lemon\u201d. The behavioural test showed that the A. citrodora EO was more repellent than that of A. sativum and, on the contrary, that the B. graveolens EO was attractive. The toxicity tests showed that the EOs of both Andean plants have a clear toxic effect on the C. vomitoria eggs and adults. In terms of ovicidal activity, there were no significant differences among the effects of the three tested EOs. On the adult flies, the toxicity of the two EOs of the Andean plants was much lower than that of A. sativum (LC50 fumigation = 1.86 \u03bcL EO L\u22121 air; LC50 ingestion = 8.10 \u03bcL EO mL\u22121 gel) both by fumigation (LC50 = 23.66 and 25.30 \u03bcL EO L\u22121 air for A. citrodora and B. graveolens, respectively) and ingestion (LC50 = 36.65 and 44.97 \u03bcL EO mL\u22121 gel for A. citrodora and B. graveolens, respectively), while, by contact, the A. citrodora EO (LD50 = 0.27 \u03bcL EO insect\u22121) was more toxic than the A. sativum EO (LD50 = 0.46 \u03bcL EO insect\u22121).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12100894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T10:55:40Z","timestamp":1633085740000},"page":"894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Andean Plants Essential Oils: A Scented Alternative to Synthetic Insecticides for the Control of Blowflies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9000-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscilla","family":"Farina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7844-3253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Venturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1791-8208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Ascrizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2418-9349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Flamini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Daniel","family":"Chiriboga Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte, Av. 17 de Julio, 5-21 y Gral, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Cordova, Ibarra 100105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8475-5432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Echeverr\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte, Av. 17 de Julio, 5-21 y Gral, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Cordova, Ibarra 100105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5643-0929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sania","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte, Av. 17 de Julio, 5-21 y Gral, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Cordova, Ibarra 100105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Zinnai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3760-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Bedini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7861-1536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.06.015","article-title":"An initial study of insect succession and carrion decomposition in various forest habitats of Central Europe","volume":"180","author":"Matuszewski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. 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