{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:13:29Z","timestamp":1791278009912,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Academy of Sciences, GDAS Special Project of Science and Technology Development","award":["2020GDASYL-20200301003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020GDASYL-20200301003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are essential for their products\u2014honey, royal jelly, pollen, propolis and beeswax. They are also indispensable because they support ecosystems with their pollination services. However, the production and functions of honey bees are hindered by the arthropod pest Varroa destructor, which attacks bees through its feeding activities. Efforts to control varroa mites have been made through the development of various synthetic pesticide groups, but have had limited success because the mites developed resistance and some of these pesticides are harmful to bees. Branded pesticides are rarely used in Pakistan, as beekeepers utilize acaricides from unknown sources. There is a need to create awareness of available naturally occurring acaricides that may serve as an alternative to synthetic acaricides. Although some naturally occurring compounds are considered toxic to the environment, the soft acaricides oxalic acid, thymol, and formic acid 65% are usually safe for honey bee colonies and beekeepers, when handled appropriately. The current study investigated the effectiveness of formic acid (10, 15, and 20 mL\/hive), oxalic acid (4.2, 3.2, and 2.1%\/hive), and thymol (6, 4, and 2 g\/hive) in controlling mite infestation. The results indicated that all treatments significantly reduced the mite population (p &lt; 0.05). The average efficacies of oxalic acid at 3.2% (94.84% \u00b1 0.34) and 4.2% (92.68% \u00b1 0.37) were significantly higher than those of the other treatments. The lowest efficacy was recorded in formic acid 65% at 10 mL (54.13%). Overall, the results indicated that soft acaricides\u2014such as oxalic acid at 3.2% and 4.2% concentrations\u2014are very effective at controlling varroa mites and can be used in broodless conditions without side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12111032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T02:42:28Z","timestamp":1637116948000},"page":"1032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Effectiveness of Different Soft Acaricides against Honey Bee Ectoparasitic Mite Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1890-1088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyad Abdul","family":"Qadir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Honeybee Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9819-0831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atif","family":"Idrees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashid","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honeybee Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghulam","family":"Sarwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honeybee Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Abu","family":"Bakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saboor","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Apicultural Research\/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7771-6822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Mohsin","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Joint Centre for Excellence in Environmental Intelligence, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3199-2359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.31018\/jans.v6i1.377","article-title":"Efficacy of Animal Origin Products and Ajwain Powder against Honey Bee Diseases in Apis mellifera (Linnaeus) Colonies in Uttarakhand-A Novel Eco-Friendly Approach","volume":"6","author":"Tiwari","year":"2014","journal-title":"JANS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjar\/2019\/32.4.566.571","article-title":"Evaluation of Essential Oils for the Management of Parasitic Bee Mites, Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) In Vitro","volume":"32","author":"Bakar","year":"2019","journal-title":"PJAR"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"339","article-title":"Beekeeping in Pakistan","volume":"142","author":"Muzaffar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. Bee J."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"PARC (2011). Annual Report 2010\u20132011."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1473","article-title":"Control of Varroa destructor Using Oxalic Acid, Formic Acid and Bayvarol Strip in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colonies","volume":"44","author":"Mahmood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Comtrade, U. (2021, October 05). Download Trade Data | UN Comtrade: International Trade Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/comtrade.un.org\/data\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-015-0407-5","article-title":"Parasites, Pathogens, and Pests of Honeybees in Asia","volume":"47","author":"Chantawannakul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2019.04.017","article-title":"Efficacy Assessment of Soft and Hard Acaricides against Varroa destructor Mite Infesting Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Colonies, through Sugar Roll Method","volume":"27","author":"Sajid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2009.07.016","article-title":"Biology and Control of Varroa destructor","volume":"103","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2016.12.018","article-title":"Fertility and Reproductive Rate of Varroa Mite, Varroa destructor, in Native and Exotic Honeybee, Apis mellifera L., Colonies under Saudi Arabia Conditions","volume":"24","author":"Alattal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Morse, R.A., and Flottum, K. (1997). Mites: Varroa and Other Parasites of Brood. Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases, A.I. Root Co.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"34","article-title":"Honeybee parasitic mites and their control in Pakistan","volume":"Volume 8","author":"Ahmad","year":"1988","journal-title":"Progressive Farming"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"726","article-title":"Beekeeping in Pakistan: A Bright Future in a Troubled Land","volume":"148","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Bee J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1818371116","article-title":"Varroa destructor Feeds Primarily on Honey Bee Fat Body Tissue and Not Hemolymph","volume":"116","author":"Ramsey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00003-008-0331-y","article-title":"Varroosis\u2013the Ongoing Crisis in Bee Keeping","volume":"3","author":"Boecking","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Verbr. Lebensm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2005063","article-title":"Oxalic Acid for the Control of Varroosis in Honey Bee Colonies\u2013A Review","volume":"37","author":"Rademacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"816","article-title":"Assessment of Pesticide Residues on Selected Vegetables of Pakistan","volume":"33","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Pak."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"611","article-title":"Acaricidal Potential of Some Botanicals against the Stored Grain Mites, Rhizoglyphus tritici","volume":"4","author":"Idrees","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stud."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1504_18831899","article-title":"Protein Baits, Volatile Compounds and Irradiation Influence the Expression Profiles of Odorant Binding Protein Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)","volume":"15","author":"Idrees","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Env. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2017.02.006","article-title":"The Optimal Age and Radiation Dose for Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Eggs as Hosts for Mass-Reared Fopius arisanus (Sonan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)","volume":"108","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2018.04.002","article-title":"The Response of Four Braconid Parasitoid Species to Methyl Eugenol: Optimization of a Biocontrol Tactic to Suppress Bactrocera dorsalis","volume":"122","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5074","article-title":"Molecular Identification of Cultivable Bacteria in the Gut of Adult Bactrocera tau (Walker) and Their Trapping Effect: Trapping Effect of Cultivable Bacteria from Bactrocera tau","volume":"74","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pest. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"95","article-title":"Valutazione Dell\u2019efficacia Dell\u2019Apistan","volume":"83","author":"Loglio","year":"1992","journal-title":"Apic.-Mod."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Matheson, A. (1994). Possible Presence of Fluvalinate-Resistant Strains of Varroa jacobsoni in Northern Italy. New perspectives on Varroa, Proceedings of the International Meeting, Prague, Czech Republic, November 1993, International Bee Research Association. Available online: https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-00891580\/document."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:19990102","article-title":"Detection of Resistance in US Varroa jacobsoni Oud. (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) to the Acaricide Fluvalinate","volume":"30","author":"Elzen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"362","article-title":"Amitraz Resistance in Varroa: New Discovery in North America","volume":"139","author":"Elzen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. Bee J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:19950109","article-title":"Ineffectiveness of Apistan Treatment against the Mite Varroa jacobsoni Oud in Several Districts of Lombardy (Italy)","volume":"26","author":"Lodesani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:19990211","article-title":"The Resistance of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. to Acaricides","volume":"30","author":"Milani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:19980606","article-title":"Monitoring Varroa jacobsoni Resistance to Pyrethroids in Western Europe","volume":"29","author":"Trouiller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-020-00793-y","article-title":"Synthetic and Natural Acaricides Impair Hygienic and Foraging Behaviors of Honey Bees","volume":"51","author":"Gashout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-5995(03)80146-1","article-title":"Acaricides of Natural Origin, Personal Experiences and Review of Literature (1990-2001)","volume":"28","author":"Flamini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"TECA-FAO (2021, November 06). Varroosis: A Parasitic Disease of the Brood and Adult Honeybees. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/teca\/en\/technologies\/8416."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"97","article-title":"Management of Varroa destructor by essential oils and formic acid in Apis mellifera Linn. Colonies","volume":"4","author":"Islam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stud."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"313","article-title":"Treatment of Sealed Honey-Bee Brood with Formic-Acid for Control of Varroa jacobsoni","volume":"131","author":"Fries","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. Bee J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogdanov, S., Imdorf, A., and Kilchenmann, V. (1998). Residues in Wax and Honey after Apilife VAR Treatment. Apidologie, 513\u2013524.","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:19980604"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2002029","article-title":"Determination of Residues in Honey after Treatments with Formic and Oxalic Acid under Field Conditions","volume":"33","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-97.2.187","article-title":"Comparison Between Two Thymol Formulations in the Control of Varroa destructor: Effectiveness, Persistence, and Residues","volume":"97","author":"Floris","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"395","article-title":"Field Trials with Different Thymol-Based Products for the Control of Varroosis","volume":"144","author":"Baggio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Bee J."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"89","article-title":"Efficency Checking of the Varroa jacobsoni Control Methods by Means of Oxalic Acid","volume":"3","author":"Imdorf","year":"1997","journal-title":"Apiacta"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"16","article-title":"Spring Treatment with Oxalic Acid in Honey Bee Colonies as Varroa Control","volume":"6","author":"Jansen","year":"1999","journal-title":"DIAS Rep. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2016.1222700","article-title":"Integrated Varroa Control in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera carnica ) Colonies with or without Brood","volume":"55","author":"Gregorc","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Apic. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"91","article-title":"Effect of Thymol and Formic Acid Against Ectoparasitic Brood Mite Tropilaelaps clareae in Apis mellifera Colonies","volume":"43","author":"Mahmood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2001101","article-title":"A Scientific Note on Long-Term Stability of a Home-Made Oxalic Acid Water Sugar Solution for Controlling Varroosis","volume":"32","author":"Prandin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"985","article-title":"Control of Ectoparasitic Mites in Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Colonies by Using Thymol and Oxalic Acid","volume":"44","author":"Mahmood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/2018.50.3.857.861","article-title":"Comparative Efficacy of Five Commercial Synthetic Acaricides against Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman) in Apis mellifera L. Colonies","volume":"50","author":"Bakar","year":"2018","journal-title":"PJZ"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"9","article-title":"Efficacy of Screen Bottom Board Tray with and without Soft Chemicals for Controlling Varroa destructor in Honeybee Colonies","volume":"49","author":"Mahmood","year":"2017","journal-title":"PJZ"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/20200219080258","article-title":"Efficacy of Naturally Occurring Chemicals for the Integrated Control of Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman) in Honeybee Colonies","volume":"53","author":"Mahmood","year":"2021","journal-title":"PJZ"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"72","article-title":"Control of Ectoparasitic Mite Varroa destructor in Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Colonies by Using Different Concentrations of Oxalic Acid","volume":"22","author":"Rashid","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates, D., M\u00e4chler, M., Bolker, B., and Walker, S. (2014). Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using Lme4. arXiv.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"LmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models","volume":"82","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stat. Soft."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Hartig, F. (2020, October 20). DHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi-Level\/Mixed) Regression Models. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/DHARMa\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Russell, L. (2020, August 15). Emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, Aka Least-Squares Means. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/emmeans\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5540\/tema.2014.015.01.0003","article-title":"ScottKnott: A Package for Performing the Scott-Knott Clustering Algorithm in R","volume":"15","author":"Jelihovschi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tend. Mat. Apl. Comput."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). Ggplot2-Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2017.1327937","article-title":"Effect of Oxalic Acid on the Mite Varroa destructor and Its Host the Honey Bee Apis mellifera","volume":"56","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Apic. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2018.1486695","article-title":"The Synergistic Effect of Weak Oxalic Acid and Thymol Aqueous Solutions on Varroa mites and Honey Bees","volume":"58","author":"Toomemaa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Apic. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"8","article-title":"\u00c1cido Ox\u00e1lico y El Tratamiento de Limpieza Radical de Oto\u00f1o-Invierno","volume":"85","author":"Barbero","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vida Ap\u00edcola"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:19950104","article-title":"Toxizit\u00e4t von Thymol, Campher, Menthol und Eucalyptol auf Varroa jacobsoni Oud und Apis mellifera L im Labortest","volume":"26","author":"Imdorf","year":"1995","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/90.5.1080","article-title":"Plant Extracts Used for Control of the Parasitic Mites Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) and Acarapis woodi (Acari: Tarsonemidae) in Colonies of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)","volume":"90","author":"Calderone","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"258","article-title":"Alternative Strategy in Central Europe for the Control of Varroa destructor in Honey Bee Colonies","volume":"38","author":"Imdorf","year":"2003","journal-title":"APIACTA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:19990210","article-title":"Use of Essential Oils for the Control of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in Honey Bee Colonies","volume":"30","author":"Imdorf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"489","article-title":"Comparison of Two Thymol-Based Acaricides, Apilifevar and Apiguard, for the Control of Varroa Mites","volume":"143","author":"Melathopoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Bee J."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"5","article-title":"Control of Varroa destructor Mite by Using Oxalic Acid, Formic Acid in Honey Bee Apis mellifera L. Colonies in Pakistan","volume":"26","author":"Rashid","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Appl. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"213","article-title":"Short-Interval Treatments with Formic Acid for Control of Varroa jacobsoni in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Colonies in Cold Climates","volume":"19","author":"Fries","year":"1989","journal-title":"Swed. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025892906393","article-title":"The Effects of Temperature and Dose of Formic Acid on Treatment Efficacy against Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae), a Parasite of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)","volume":"29","author":"Underwood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2001.11101055","article-title":"Evaluation of Honey Bee Miticides, Including Temporal and Thermal Effects on Formic Acid Gel Vapours, in the Central South-Eastern USA","volume":"40","author":"Skinner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Apic. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"155","article-title":"Field Trials Using Formic Acid as a Varroatosis Therapy","volume":"14","author":"Maul","year":"1980","journal-title":"Allg. Dtsch. Imkerztg."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"734","article-title":"Trials (and Tribulations) with Formic Acid for Varroa Control","volume":"138","author":"Eischen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. Bee J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2017.1291207","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Varterminator, a New Formic Acid Medicine against the Varroa mite","volume":"56","author":"Giusti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Apic. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"33","article-title":"Some of the Correlations between the Colony Development and Honey Production on the Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Colonies","volume":"28","author":"Genc","year":"1993","journal-title":"Apiacta"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tlak Gajger, I., Sve\u010dnjak, L., Bubalo, D., and \u017dorat, T. (2020). Control of Varroa destructor Mite Infestations at Experimental Apiaries Situated in Croatia. Diversity, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/d12010012"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietropaoli, M., Tlak Gajger, I., Costa, C., Gerula, D., Wilde, J., Adjlane, N., Aldea-S\u00e1nchez, P., Smodi\u0161 \u0160kerl, M.I., Bubni\u010d, J., and Formato, G. (2021). Evaluation of Two Commonly Used Field Tests to Assess Varroa destructor Infestation on Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Colonies. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11104458"}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/12\/11\/1032\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:31:22Z","timestamp":1760167882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/12\/11\/1032"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["insects12111032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects12111032","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]}}}