{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:50:44Z","timestamp":1790722244851,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research (MIUR, 2018\u20132022)","award":["The work has benefited from funds and equipment assigned to the University of Parma in the framework of the COMP-HUB Initiative by the \u2018Departments of Excellence\u2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The work has benefited from funds and equipment assigned to the University of Parma in the framework of the COMP-HUB Initiative by the \u2018Departments of Excellence\u2019"]}]},{"name":"Rural Development Programmes (Regional) \u2013 Emilia-Romagna","award":["W2FLY2FEED (project no. 5112187)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W2FLY2FEED (project no. 5112187)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The neotropical insect Hermetia illucens has become a cosmopolite species, and it is considered a highly promising insect in circular and sustainable economic processes. Being able to feed on a wide variety of organic substrates, it represents a source of lipids and proteins for many uses and produces recyclable waste. We investigated the characteristics and differences in the poorly-known locomotory behaviour of larvae of different instars, paying particular attention to the unique characteristics of the prepupal stage, key to farming and industrial processes. Moreover, we attempted to develop a \u201cself-harvesting\u201d system relying on the behavioural traits of prepupae to obtain their separation from younger larvae under rearing condition with minimum effort. Prepupae differ from younger larvae in their response to physical disturbance in the form of tonic immobility and significantly differ in their locomotory movements. Both prepupae and younger larvae reacted similarly to heat or light-induced stress, but low light and high moisture induced only prepupae to migrate away, which resulted in the development of a highly efficient separation methodology. The new data on the behaviour of H. illucens not only shed new light on some unexplored aspects of its biology, but also led to develop an inexpensive self-harvesting system that can be implemented in small-scale and industrial farming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13020127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T20:40:18Z","timestamp":1643143218000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Do It by Yourself: Larval Locomotion in the Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens, with a Novel \u201cSelf-Harvesting\u201d Method to Separate Prepupae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1622-1329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Giannetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0684-6229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Schifani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Reggiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Agraria Sperimentale Stuard, Strada Madonna dell\u2019Aiuto, 7\/a, San Pancrazio, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9845-6038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Mazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Section Sustainable Crop and Food Protection, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Reguzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Section Sustainable Crop and Food Protection, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8802-9614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Castracani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4270-7229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiorenza A.","family":"Spotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9758-5495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Giardina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donato A.","family":"Grasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"Dispersion et transport des insectes nuisibles: Herrnetia illucens L. 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