{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:20:49Z","timestamp":1790713249393,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mosquitoes are vectors of many severe diseases, including malaria, yellow as well as dengue fever, and lymphatic filariasis. The use of synthetic chemical insecticides for mosquito control has been associated with resistance development and detrimental human, and ecological effects. For a safer alternative, the emulsified Ocimum kilimandscharicum oil formulation was evaluated for its larvicidal activity. The oil was analyzed by GC and GC\/MS. The formulations were evaluated against third instar mosquito larvae in the laboratory and later compared with Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis against An. gambiae under field-simulated conditions. Thirty-nine compounds were identified in the oil, the main ones being D-camphor (36.6%) and limonene (18.6%). The formulation showed significant larval mortalities against An. gambiae and An. arabiensis larvae with LC50 of 0.07 and 0.31 ppm, respectively, at 24 h. Under the field-simulated trial, within 24 h, the formulation showed 98% mortality while Bti had achieved 54%. On day three, it caused 100% mortality while Bti achieved 76.5%. The high bioactivity and sublethal toxic effects to offspring of treated mosquito larvae, in terms of disruption of larval morphological aspects, suggest the high potential of the formulation as a botanical larvicide. The formulation, thus, may provide a valuable alternative for the effective and eco-friendly control of disease vectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13020203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T21:36:24Z","timestamp":1645047384000},"page":"203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Mosquitoes Larvicidal Activity of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Oil Formulation under Laboratory and Field-Simulated Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-8150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Bwire","family":"Ochola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioprospecting Program, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"},{"name":"Chemistry Department, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clifford Maina","family":"Mutero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioprospecting Program, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"},{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose Muthoni","family":"Marubu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioprospecting Program, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara Frei","family":"Haller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioprospecting Program, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5\/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Hassanali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilber","family":"Lwande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioprospecting Program, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-007-9037-x","article-title":"Global diversity of mosquitoes (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae) in freshwater","volume":"595","author":"Rueda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2019). World Malaria Report, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000530","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000530","article-title":"Zika, chikungunya and dengue: The causes and threats of new and reemerging arboviral diseases","volume":"3","author":"Teixeira","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"123","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: A pragmatic review","volume":"2","author":"Brown","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. 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