{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:54:09Z","timestamp":1788310449405,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NC1180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NC1180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#1950307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1950307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#U01 CK000505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#U01 CK000505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["NC1180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NC1180"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["101071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101071"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["#1950307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1950307"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["#U01 CK000505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#U01 CK000505"]}]},{"name":"Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity for Infectious Diseases (ELC) Program through the Iowa Department of Public Health","award":["NC1180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NC1180"]}]},{"name":"Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity for Infectious Diseases (ELC) Program through the Iowa Department of Public Health","award":["101071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101071"]}]},{"name":"Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity for Infectious Diseases (ELC) Program through the Iowa Department of Public Health","award":["#1950307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1950307"]}]},{"name":"Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity for Infectious Diseases (ELC) Program through the Iowa Department of Public Health","award":["#U01 CK000505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#U01 CK000505"]}]},{"name":"Midwest Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Disease","award":["NC1180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NC1180"]}]},{"name":"Midwest Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Disease","award":["101071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101071"]}]},{"name":"Midwest Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Disease","award":["#1950307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1950307"]}]},{"name":"Midwest Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Disease","award":["#U01 CK000505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#U01 CK000505"]}]},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","award":["NC1180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NC1180"]}]},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","award":["101071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101071"]}]},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","award":["#1950307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1950307"]}]},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","award":["#U01 CK000505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#U01 CK000505"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since its introduction to North America in 1999, the West Nile virus (WNV) has resulted in over 50,000 human cases and 2400 deaths. WNV transmission is maintained via mosquito vectors and avian reservoir hosts, yet mosquito and avian infections are not uniform across ecological landscapes. As a result, it remains unclear whether the ecological communities of the vectors or reservoir hosts are more predictive of zoonotic risk at the microhabitat level. We examined this question in central Iowa, representative of the midwestern United States, across a land use gradient consisting of suburban interfaces with natural and agricultural habitats. At eight sites, we captured mosquito abundance data using New Jersey light traps and monitored bird communities using visual and auditory point count surveys. We found that the mosquito minimum infection rate (MIR) was better predicted by metrics of the mosquito community than metrics of the bird community, where sites with higher proportions of Culex pipiens group mosquitoes during late summer (after late July) showed higher MIRs. Bird community metrics did not significantly influence mosquito MIRs across sites. Together, these data suggest that the microhabitat suitability of Culex vector species is of greater importance than avian community composition in driving WNV infection dynamics at the urban and agricultural interface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13090758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:22:48Z","timestamp":1661300568000},"page":"758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Relative Influence of Land Use, Mosquito Abundance, and Bird Communities in Defining West Nile Virus Infection Rates in Culex Mosquito Populations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5577-8798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James S.","family":"Adelman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0340-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan E.","family":"Tokarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"},{"name":"Department of International and Global Health, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alec E.","family":"Euken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor N.","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6907-6159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie C.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0245-2265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan C.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, July 18). West Nile Virus, Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/westnile\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S59902","article-title":"A Review of the Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of West Nile Virus","volume":"7","author":"Gray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.53.103106.093258","article-title":"A Global Perspective on the Epidemiology of West Nile Virus","volume":"53","author":"Kramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz146","article-title":"West Nile Virus Mosquito Vectors in North America","volume":"56","author":"Rochlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz112","article-title":"On the Fly: Interactions Between Birds, Mosquitoes, and Environment That Have Molded West Nile Virus Genomic Structure Over Two Decades","volume":"56","author":"Duggal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5399","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10115399","article-title":"Exploring the Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Reservoir Hosts, Vectors, and Human Hosts of West Nile Virus: A Review of the Recent Literature","volume":"10","author":"Ozdenerol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201010","article-title":"Globalization, Land Use, and the Invasion of West Nile Virus","volume":"334","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.2307\/2269387","article-title":"Land Use and Avian Species Diversity along an Urban Gradient","volume":"6","author":"Blair","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.10.050","article-title":"Land Use and Habitat Gradients Determine Bird Community Diversity and Abundance in Suburban, Rural and Reserve Landscapes of Minnesota, USA","volume":"135","author":"Chapman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Conser."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1675-2","article-title":"Mosquito Communities and Disease Risk Influenced by Land Use Change and Seasonality in the Australian Tropics","volume":"9","author":"Ritchie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29002","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29002","article-title":"Effects of Landscape Anthropization on Mosquito Community Composition and Abundance","volume":"6","author":"Ferraguti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-1999-6","article-title":"Avian Species Diversity and Transmission of West Nile Virus in Atlanta, Georgia","volume":"10","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43246-y","article-title":"Long-Term Surveillance Defines Spatial and Temporal Patterns Implicating Culex tarsalis as the Primary Vector of West Nile Virus","volume":"9","author":"Dunphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, E.N., Tokarz, R.E., and Smith, R.C. (2019). Satellite Imaging and Long-Term Mosquito Surveillance Implicate the Influence of Rapid Urbanization on Culex Vector Populations. Insects, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10090269"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowder, D.W., Dykstra, E.A., Brauner, J.M., Duffy, A., Reed, C., Martin, E., Peterson, W., Carri\u00e8re, Y., Dutilleul, P., and Owen, J.P. (2013). West Nile Virus Prevalence across Landscapes Is Mediated by Local Effects of Agriculture on Vector and Host Communities. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055006"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0809","article-title":"Supersuppression: Reservoir Competency and Timing of Mosquito Host Shifts Combine to Reduce Spillover of West Nile Virus","volume":"95","author":"Levine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1342","article-title":"Limited Spillover to Humans from West Nile Virus Viremic Birds in Atlanta, Georgia","volume":"13","author":"Levine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02687.x","article-title":"West Nile Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals","volume":"951","author":"Kramer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1203.051004","article-title":"Host Feeding Patterns of Culex Mosquitoes and West Nile Virus Transmission, Northeastern United States","volume":"12","author":"Molaei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.01.007","article-title":"Unexpected Spatiotemporal Abundance of Infected Culex Restuans Suggest a Greater Role as a West Nile Virus Vector for This Native Species","volume":"31","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2833-5","article-title":"Environmental and Social-Demographic Predictors of the Southern House Mosquito Culex Quinquefasciatus in New Orleans, Louisiana","volume":"11","author":"Moise","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1411.080719","article-title":"Delinquent Mortgages, Neglected Swimming Pools, and West Nile Virus, California","volume":"14","author":"Reisen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-7-19","article-title":"Landscape, Demographic, Entomological, and Climatic Associations with Human Disease Incidence of West Nile Virus in the State of Iowa, USA","volume":"7","author":"DeGroote","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0903.020628","article-title":"Experimental Infection of North American Birds with the New York 1999 Strain of West Nile Virus. Emerg","volume":"9","author":"Komar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadfield, J., Brito, A.F., Swetnam, D.M., Vogels, C.B.F., Tokarz, R.E., Andersen, K.G., Smith, R.C., Bedford, T., and Grubaugh, N.D. (2019). Twenty Years of West Nile Virus Spread and Evolution in the Americas Visualized by Nextstrain. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008042"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2412.180382","article-title":"Terrestrial Bird Migration and West Nile Virus Circulation, United States","volume":"24","author":"Swetnam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0604.000401","article-title":"Migratory Birds and Spread of West Nile Virus in the Western Hemisphere","volume":"6","author":"Rappole","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"109","article-title":"Avian Diversity and West Nile Virus: Testing Associations between Biodiversity and Infectious Disease Risk","volume":"271","author":"Ezenwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040082","article-title":"West Nile Virus Epidemics in North America Are Driven by Shifts in Mosquito Feeding Behavior","volume":"4","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.1.125","article-title":"Culex Pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae): A Bridge Vector of West Nile Virus to Humans","volume":"45","author":"Hamer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.268","article-title":"Host Selection by Culex Pipiens Mosquitoes and West Nile Virus Amplification","volume":"80","author":"Hamer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3575","article-title":"Host Heterogeneity Dominates West Nile Virus Transmission","volume":"273","author":"Daszak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"289","article-title":"Crossover Dynamics of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) Vector Populations Determine WNV Transmission Intensity","volume":"57","author":"Tokarz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karki, S., Brown, W.M., Uelmen, J., Ruiz, M.O., and Smith, R.L. (2020). The Drivers of West Nile Virus Human Illness: Fine Scale Dynamic Effects of Weather, Mosquito Infection, Social, and Biological Conditions. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227160"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giordano, B.V., Kaur, S., Hunter, F.F., Nasci, R., Nosal, R., Drebot, M., Hayes, D.B., and Walker, E.D. (2017). West Nile Virus in Ontario, Canada: A Twelve-Year Analysis of Human Case Prevalence, Mosquito Surveillance, and Climate Data. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183568"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2022, August 15). Free Topographic Maps, Elevation, Relief. Available online: https:\/\/en-us.topographic-map.com\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2022, August 15). Iowa Environmental Mesonet. Available online: https:\/\/mesonet.agron.iastate.edu."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Darsie, R.F., and Ward, R.A. (2005). Identification and Geographical Distribution of the Mosquitoes of North America, North of Mexico, University Press of Florida."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.1.1","article-title":"Considerations for Accurate Identification of Adult Culex Restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) in Field Studies","volume":"45","author":"Harrington","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2987\/13-6388.1","article-title":"A Taxonomic Checklist of the Mosquitoes of Iowa","volume":"30","author":"Dunphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.4.775","article-title":"A Web-Based Relational Database for Monitoring and Analyzing Mosquito Population Dynamics","volume":"45","author":"Sucaet","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4066-4071.2000","article-title":"Rapid Detection of West Nile Virus from Human Clinical Specimens, Field-Collected Mosquitoes, and Avian Samples by a TaqMan Reverse Transcriptase-PCR Assay","volume":"38","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Biggerstaff, B.J. (2022, July 18). PooledInfRate, Version 3.0: A Microsoft\u00ae Excel\u00ae Add-In to Compute Prevalence Estimates from Pooled Samples, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/westnile\/resourcepages\/mosqSurvSoft.html."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2022, August 15). Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Available online: https:\/\/www.iowadnr.gov\/Conservation\/Iowas-Wildlife\/Wildlife-Diversity-Program\/Diversity-Projects."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manley, P.N., Van Horne, B., Roth, J.K., Zielinski, W.J., McKenzie, M.M., Weller, T.J., Weckerly, F.W., and Vojta, C. (2022, August 15). Multiple Species Inventory and Monitoring Technical Guide 2006. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service General Technical Report: WO-73. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2737\/WO-GTR-73.","DOI":"10.2737\/WO-GTR-73"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06294-5","article-title":"Surveillance and Genetic Data Support the Introduction and Establishment of Aedes Albopictus in Iowa, USA","volume":"12","author":"Hall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"R Development Core Team R (2022). A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (Version 4.1.3), R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P.R., O\u2019Hara, R.B., Simpson, G.L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M.H.H., and Wagner, H. (2022, July 18). Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R Package Version 2.5-7. Available online: http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=vegan."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Barton, K. (2022, July 18). MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference (Version R Package Version 1.46.0. 2022). Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=MuMIn."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/163688a0","article-title":"Measurement of Diversity","volume":"163","author":"Simpson","year":"1949","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A Mathematical Theory of Communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Burnham, K.P., and Anderson, D.R. (2002). A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, Springer. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-6-10","article-title":"Association of West Nile Virus Illness and Urban Landscapes in Chicago and Detroit","volume":"6","author":"Ruiz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0134","article-title":"Regional Differences in the Association between Land Cover and West Nile Virus Disease Incidence in Humans in the United States","volume":"84","author":"Bowden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.180765","article-title":"Cumulative Incidence of West Nile Virus Infection, Continental United States, 1999\u20132016","volume":"25","author":"Ronca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0786","article-title":"National and Regional Associations Between Human West Nile Virus Incidence and Demographic, Landscape, and Land Use Conditions in the Coterminous United States","volume":"12","author":"DeGroote","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.5.838","article-title":"Culex Restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) Relative Abundance and Vector Competence for West Nile Virus","volume":"42","author":"Ebel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-19","article-title":"Local Impact of Temperature and Precipitation on West Nile Virus Infection in Culex Species Mosquitoes in Northeast Illinois, USA","volume":"3","author":"Ruiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw042","article-title":"Predicting West Nile Virus Infection Risk from the Synergistic Effects of Rainfall and Temperature","volume":"53","author":"Shand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.2.179","article-title":"Culex Restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) Oviposition Behavior Determined by Larval Habitat Quality and Quantity in Southeastern Michigan","volume":"41","author":"Reiskind","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.95","article-title":"Larval Habitat Dynamics and Diversity of Culex Mosquitoes in Rice Agro-Ecosystem in Mwea, Kenya","volume":"76","author":"Muturi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71503","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.71503","article-title":"Both Consumptive and Non-Consumptive Effects of Predators Impact Mosquito Populations and Have Implications for Disease Transmission","volume":"11","author":"Russell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-008-1224-6","article-title":"Avian Host Community Structure and Prevalence of West Nile Virus in Chicago, Illinois","volume":"159","author":"Loss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-020-04782-x","article-title":"Large-Scale Disease Patterns Explained by Climatic Seasonality and Host Traits","volume":"194","author":"Filion","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3656-8","article-title":"Predicting West Nile Virus Transmission in North American Bird Communities Using Phylogenetic Mixed Effects Models and eBird Citizen Science Data","volume":"12","author":"Kain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-10-263","article-title":"Association between Agricultural Land Use and West Nile Virus Antibody Prevalence in Iowa Birds","volume":"49","author":"Randall","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2011.00143.x","article-title":"Abundance of West Nile Virus Mosquito Vectors in Relation to Climate and Landscape Variables Abundance of West Nile Virus Mosquito Vectors in Relation to Climate","volume":"36","author":"Deichmeister","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1673\/031.010.11001","article-title":"Ecological Niche Modeling of Potential West Nile Virus Vector Mosquito Species in Iowa","volume":"10","author":"Larson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2004.4.360","article-title":"Epidemiology of West Nile Virus in Connecticut: A Five-Year Analysis of Mosquito Data 1999\u20132003","volume":"4","author":"Andreadis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/13\/9\/758\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:14:06Z","timestamp":1760141646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/13\/9\/758"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["insects13090758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects13090758","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]}}}