{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:39:16Z","timestamp":1790476756685,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AI089672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI089672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW006571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW006571"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PHD\/0113\/2560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD\/0113\/2560"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mahidol University","award":["U19AI089672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI089672"]}]},{"name":"Mahidol University","award":["D43TW006571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW006571"]}]},{"name":"Mahidol University","award":["PHD\/0113\/2560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD\/0113\/2560"]}]},{"name":"Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. program","award":["U19AI089672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI089672"]}]},{"name":"Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. program","award":["D43TW006571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW006571"]}]},{"name":"Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. program","award":["PHD\/0113\/2560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD\/0113\/2560"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["U19AI089672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI089672"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["D43TW006571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW006571"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["PHD\/0113\/2560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD\/0113\/2560"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The occurrence and spread of insecticide resistance has had a negative effect on the efficacy of insecticide\u2013based tools and is distributed worldwide, including the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). This study aims to determine the insecticide susceptibility of malaria and dengue vectors in malaria and dengue hotspots on the Thai\u2013Myanmar border. Mosquito larvae and pupae were obtained from water sources from December 2019 to April 2020 in Tha Song Yang District, Tak province, western Thailand. WHO bioassay susceptibility tests were conducted with three classes of insecticides to evaluate the knockdown and mortality rates of Anopheles and Aedes aegypti female adults. V1016G and F1534C kdr mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel of Ae. aegypti were identified using a multiplex PCR. A total of 5764 female mosquitoes were bioassayed in this study, including Anopheles spp. (92.63%) and F1 Ae. aegypti (7.37%). After 24 h of observation, An. minimus s.l. (n = 3885) and An. maculatus s.l. (n = 1138) in Suan Oi (SO) and Tala Oka (TO) were susceptible to pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates (except bendiocarb) with 98\u2013100% mortality (MR). Resistance to bendiocarb was detected with a mortality rate of 88.80%, 88.77%, and 89.92% for An. minimus s.l. (n = 125, 125) and An. maculatus s.l. (n = 66), respectively. The first generation of Ae. aegypti adult females were suspected of resistance to deltamethrin (n = 225, MR = 96.89%) and confirmed resistance to permethrin (n = 200, MR = 20.00%). V1016G and F1534C mutations were detected in three genotypes, heterozygote and homozygote forms. The correlation between the kdr alleles and deltamethrin resistance was significant. In conclusion, bendiocarb resistance was found in primary malaria vectors, An. minimus s.l. and An. maculatus s.l. F1 Ae. aegypti population was pyrethroids-resistant, associated with kdr alleles. Therefore, molecular analysis should be conducted to gain insights into the mechanism of insecticide resistance. Routine malaria vector control programmes, such as fogging implementation in hotspot villages to induce Aedes resistance available in peri\u2013domestic sites, are questionable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13111035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T01:48:08Z","timestamp":1668044888000},"page":"1035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Insecticide Susceptibility Status of Anopheles and Aedes Mosquitoes in Malaria and Dengue Endemic Areas, Thai\u2013Myanmar Border"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kanchon","family":"Pusawang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jetsumon","family":"Sattabongkot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol Vivax Research Center, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8429-6889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jassada","family":"Saingamsook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daibin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0760-4363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pradya","family":"Somboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3169-5509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somsakul Pop","family":"Wongpalee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8338-1974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liwang","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3550-5992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atiporn","family":"Saeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2065-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patchara","family":"Sriwichai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). 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