{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:07:43Z","timestamp":1790676463906,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria","award":["BEN-M-PNLP; 2015\u20132017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BEN-M-PNLP; 2015\u20132017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Entomological surveillance in Benin has historically been limited to zones where indoor residual spraying was performed or where long-standing sentinel surveillance sites existed. However, there are significant country-wide gaps in entomological knowledge. The National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) assessed population dynamics of Anopheles vectors and malaria transmission in each of Benin\u2019s 12 departments to create an entomological risk profile. Two communes per department (24\/77 communes) were chosen to reflect diverse geographies, ecologies and malaria prevalence. Two villages per commune were selected from which four households (HH) per village were used for human landing catches (HLCs). In each HH, an indoor and outdoor HLC occurred between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m. on two consecutive nights between July\u2013September 2017. Captured Anopheles were identified, and ovaries were dissected to determine parous rate. Heads and thoraces were tested for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites by ELISA. The Entomological Inoculation Rate (EIR) was calculated as the product of mosquito bite rate and sporozoite index. Bite rates from An. gambiae\u00a0s.l., the primary vector species complex, differed considerably between communes; average sporozoite infection index was 3.5%. The EIR ranged from 0.02 infectious bites (ib) per human per night in the departments of Ou\u00e9m\u00e9 and Plateau to 1.66 ib\/human\/night in Collines. Based on transmission risk scales, Avrankou, Sak\u00e9t\u00e9 and Nikki are areas of low transmission (0 &lt; EIR &lt; 3 ib\/human\/year), Adjarra, Adja Ou\u00e8r\u00e8, Z\u00e8, Toffo, Bopa, Pehunco, P\u00e8r\u00e8r\u00e8 and Kandi are of medium transmission (3 &lt; EIR &lt; 30 ib\/human\/year), and the other remaining districts are high transmission (EIR &gt; 30 ib\/human\/year). The heterogeneous and diverse nature of malaria transmission in Benin was not readily apparent when only assessing entomological surveillance from sentinel sites. Prospectively, the NMCP will use study results to stratify and deploy targeted vector control interventions in districts with high EIRs to better protect populations most at-risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14010052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T06:31:27Z","timestamp":1672900287000},"page":"52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Entomological Characteristics of Malaria Transmission across Benin: An Essential Element for Improved Deployment of Vector Control Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tatch\u00e9m\u00e8 Fil\u00e9mon","family":"Tokponnon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9, Cotonou 08 BP 882, Benin"},{"name":"Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin"},{"name":"Centre B\u00e9ninois de la Recherche Scientifique et de l\u2019Innovation (CBRSI), Agbondj\u00e8do, \u00c9toile Rouge, Cotonou 03 BP 1665, Benin"},{"name":"Ecole Polytechnique d\u2019Abomey-Calavi, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 2009, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razaki","family":"Oss\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germain Gil","family":"Padonou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyriaque Dossou","family":"Affoukou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Control Program, Cotonou 01 BP 882, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aboubakar","family":"Sidick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilfried","family":"Sewade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ars\u00e8ne","family":"Fassinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00f4me Z.","family":"Koukpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Akinro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3107-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louisa A.","family":"Messenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Ok\u00ea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9, Cotonou 08 BP 882, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Tch\u00e9vo\u00e9d\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Control Program, Cotonou 01 BP 882, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurore","family":"Ogouyemi-Hounto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Control Program, Cotonou 01 BP 882, Benin"},{"name":"Parasitology-Mycologie Research Unit, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 188, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doroth\u00e9e Kinde","family":"Gazard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology-Mycologie Research Unit, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 188, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Akogbeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.40.010195.001211","article-title":"Malaria: Current and future prospects for control","volume":"4O","author":"Collins","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. 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