{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:42:07Z","timestamp":1784551327128,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2019-05775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2019-05775"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2017-06402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2017-06402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gross anatomy of the male reproductive structures and their associated musculature are described in the blood-gorging vector of Chagas disease, Rhodnius prolixus. The male reproductive system is composed of muscular tissues each performing contractions that aid in the movement of sperm out of the testis into the vas deferens, seminal vesicle and then into the ejaculatory duct, along with proteins and lipids from the transparent and opaque accessory glands. Phalloidin staining shows the various patterns of muscle fiber layers, from thin circular to more complex crisscross patterns, implying subtle differences in the form of the contractions and movement of each of the structures, allowing for waves of contractions or twisting patterns. The transcripts for the receptors for proctolin, myosuppressin (RhoprMS) and for the extended FMRFamides are expressed in the various regions of the reproductive system, and the nerve processes extending over the reproductive structures are positive for FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity, as are neurosecretory cells lying on the nerves. Proctolin and AKDNFIRFamide are strong stimulators for the frequency of the contractions, and RhoprMS can inhibit the proctolin-induced contractions. Taken together, this work implicates these two families of peptides in coordinating the male reproductive structures for the successful transfer of sperm and the associated accessory gland fluid to the female during copulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14040324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T01:41:34Z","timestamp":1679967694000},"page":"324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Male Reproductive System of the Kissing Bug, Rhodnius prolixus St\u00e5l, 1859 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae): Arrangements of the Muscles and the Myoactivity of the Selected Neuropeptides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2195-4316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela B.","family":"Lange","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anika","family":"Kisana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9145-5523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jimena","family":"Leyria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Orchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/133725b0","article-title":"Factors controlling moulting and \u2018metamorphosis\u2019 in an insect","volume":"133","author":"Wigglesworth","year":"1934","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/168558b0","article-title":"Source of moulting hormone in Rhodnius","volume":"168","author":"Wigglesworth","year":"1951","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wigglesworth, V.B. 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