{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:13:36Z","timestamp":1787829216750,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","award":["6251\/S02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6251\/S02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite ongoing control efforts, the mosquito population and diseases vectored by them continue to thrive worldwide, causing major health concerns. There has been growing interest in the use of botanicals as alternatives to insecticides due to their widespread insecticidal properties, biodegradability, and adaptability to ecological conditions. In this study, we investigated the larvicidal activity and cytotoxicity effects of solvent extracts from three aromatic plants\u2014Curcuma longa (turmeric), Ocimum americanum (hoary basil), and Petroselinum crispum (parsley)\u2014against Aedes albopictus. Subsequently, we examined the phytochemical composition of the extracts through gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) analysis. Results revealed that the hexane extracts of O. americanum and P. crispum exhibited the greatest larvicidal activity with the lowest median lethal concentration (LC50) values (&lt;30 \u00b5g\/mL) at 24 h post-treatment, with the former found to be significantly less toxic towards African monkey kidney (Vero) cells. The GC\u2013MS analysis of the said extract indicated the presence of different classes of metabolites, including phenylpropanoids, very long-chain alkanes, fatty acids and their derivatives, and terpenes, with the most abundant component being methyl eugenol (55.28%), most of which, have been documented for their larvicidal activities. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential use and development of bioinsecticides, particularly from O. americanum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14060512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T02:16:48Z","timestamp":1685672208000},"page":"512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Mosquito Larvicidal Activity and Cytotoxicity of the Extracts of Aromatic Plants from Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Huimei","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sook Yee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lai Yee","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5949-491X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nam Weng","family":"Sit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0376-y","article-title":"Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus","volume":"4","author":"Kraemer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2018.05.001","article-title":"Mosquito-borne diseases","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, March 01). Vector-Borne Diseases. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/vector-borne-diseases."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, N.M., Santos, N.C., and Martins, I.C. (2020). Dengue and Zika viruses: Epidemiological history, potential therapies, and promising vaccines. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5040150"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.3.419","article-title":"Bioecology and vectorial capacity of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Macao, China, in relation to dengue virus transmission","volume":"42","author":"Almeida","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.07.025","article-title":"Impact of climate change and other factors on emerging arbovirus diseases","volume":"103","author":"Gould","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention (2023, February 28). Development of Aedes albopictus Risk Maps. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/development-aedes-albopictus-risk-maps."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.05.005","article-title":"Aedes albopictus, an arbovirus vector: From the darkness to the light","volume":"11","author":"Paupy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08347","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08347","article-title":"The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus","volume":"4","author":"Kraemer","year":"2015","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, A.L., Courtenay, O., Kelly-Hope, L.A., Scott, T.W., Takken, W., Torr, S.J., and Lindsay, S.W. (2020). The importance of vector control for the control and elimination of vector-borne diseases. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007831"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190802","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0802","article-title":"Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases","volume":"376","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30427-6","article-title":"Effectiveness of a long-lasting piperonyl butoxide-treated insecticidal net and indoor residual spray interventions, separately and together, against malaria transmitted by pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes: A cluster, randomised controlled, two-by-two factorial design trial","volume":"391","author":"Protopopoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.45.1.371","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in insect vectors of human disease","volume":"45","author":"Hemingway","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0386","article-title":"The economic burden of malaria: Revisiting the evidence","volume":"101","author":"Sarma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moyes, C.L., Vontas, J., Martins, A.J., Ng, L.C., Koou, S.Y., Dusfour, I., Raghavendra, K., Pinto, J., Corbel, V., and David, J.P. (2017). Contemporary status of insecticide resistance in the major Aedes vectors of arboviruses infecting humans. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005625"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weetman, D., Kamgang, B., Badolo, A., Moyes, C.L., Shearer, F.M., Coulibaly, M., Pinto, J., Lambrechts, L., and McCall, P.J. (2018). Aedes mosquitoes and Aedes-borne arboviruses in Africa: Current and future threats. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15020220"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/jen.12527","article-title":"Efficacy of bioactive compounds from Curcuma longa against mosquito larvae","volume":"142","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"581","article-title":"Plant extracts as potential mosquito larvicides","volume":"135","author":"Ghosh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/13880200701741138","article-title":"Larvicidal activity of turmerone-rich essential oils of Curcuma longa leaf and rhizome from Nigeria on Anopheles gambiae","volume":"46","author":"Ajaiyeoba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.3.491s","article-title":"Health-promoting properties of common herbs","volume":"70","author":"Craig","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1076\/phbi.40.5.384.8458","article-title":"Differential chemical compositions of the essential oils of the shoot organs, rhizomes and rhizoids in the turmeric Curcuma longa grown in Indo-Gangetic Plains","volume":"40","author":"Bansal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2002.9699843","article-title":"Chemical composition of essential oils from rhizomes, leaves and flowers of Curcuma longa L. from Reunion Island","volume":"14","author":"Vera","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1312","article-title":"Major constituents in leaf essential oils of Curcuma longa L. and Curcuma aromatic Salisb","volume":"83","author":"Sakuntala","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-16494","article-title":"Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of three Zingiberaceae from Sao Tome and Principe","volume":"67","author":"Martins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orellana-Paucar, A.M., and Machado-Orellana, M.G. (2022). Pharmacological profile, bioactivities, and safety of turmeric oil. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165055"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"127","article-title":"Repellent activity of the rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn. against nocturnal mosquitoes in a rural area","volume":"8","author":"Pandian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Insect Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"737","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of Curcuma longa rhizome extract on pathogenic bacteria","volume":"83","author":"Singh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"363","article-title":"Anticancer potential of curcumin: Preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"23","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.06.031","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of 11 essential oils of different origins as functional antioxidants, antiradicals and antimicrobials in foods","volume":"91","author":"Sacchetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-95.1.183","article-title":"Bioactivities of the leaf essential oil of Curcuma longa (Var. Ch-66) on three species of stored-product beetles (Coleoptera)","volume":"95","author":"Tripithi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.33714\/masteb.771756","article-title":"A review on turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and usage in seafood","volume":"10","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Sci. Technol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2008)24[161:MLAOBM]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Mosquito larvicidal activity of botanical-based mosquito repellents","volume":"24","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2015.02.005","article-title":"Synergistic mosquito-repellent activity of Curcuma longa, Pogostemon heyneanus and Zanthoxylum limonella essential oils","volume":"8","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(11)60088-6","article-title":"Mosquito larvicidal activity of some common spices and vegetable waste on Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi","volume":"4","author":"Singha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.08.023","article-title":"Efficacy of bioactive compounds from Curcuma aromatica against mosquito larvae","volume":"113","author":"Madhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"210","article-title":"Botanical derivatives in mosquito control: A review","volume":"7","author":"Sukumar","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Flora and Fauna Web (2023, March 01). Ocimum\u00a0americanum, Available online: https:\/\/www.nparks.gov.sg\/florafaunaweb\/flora\/5\/0\/5057."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.31254\/phyto.2021.10111","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological uses, biological activities, chemistry and toxicological aspects of Ocimum americanum var. americanum (Lamiaceae)","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"76","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis of leaf extract of Ocimum americanum L. (Lamiaceae) by GCMS method","volume":"37","author":"Ingole","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Sci. News"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.07.008","article-title":"Evaluation of Ocimum americanum essential oil as an additive in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) diets","volume":"56","author":"Sutili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108610","article-title":"Comprehensive approaches on the chemical constituents and pharmacological properties of flowers and leaves of American basil (Ocimum americanum L)","volume":"125","author":"Zengin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chnaes.2019.09.001","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of Ocimum americanum L. extracts against pathogenic microorganisms","volume":"40","author":"Vidhya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avetisyan, A., Markosian, A., Petrosyan, M., Sahakyan, N., Babayan, A., Aloyan, S., and Trchounian, A. (2017). Chemical composition and some biological activities of the essential oils from basil Ocimum different cultivars. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1587-5"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"740","article-title":"Chemical composition of Ocimum americanum essential oil and its biological effects against Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","volume":"3","author":"Omer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.06.010","article-title":"Composition and antibacterial activities of essential oils of seven Ocimum taxa","volume":"119","author":"Politeo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s42535-020-00152-3","article-title":"Eco friendly synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using aqueous Ocimum americanum L. leaf extracts and their antimicrobial, anti-proliferative and photocatalytic activities","volume":"33","author":"Vijayakumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vegetos"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0944-7113(11)80031-0","article-title":"Mosquito repellent activities of Ocimum volatile oils","volume":"1","author":"Chokechaijaroenporn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1300\/J044v09n04_11","article-title":"The chemical variability of Ocimum species","volume":"9","author":"Wetzel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"3369","article-title":"Phytochemical profile and larvicidal activity of aqueous extract of Ocimum americanum against mosquito vectors","volume":"11","author":"Narayanan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(14)60018-2","article-title":"Parsley: A review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and biological activities","volume":"33","author":"Farzaei","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Blumenthal, M., Goldberg, A., and Brinckmann, J. (2000). Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs, American Botanical Council. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gmr.15038538","DOI":"10.4238\/gmr.15038538","article-title":"Antifungal and antibacterial activities of Petroselinum crispum essential oil","volume":"15","author":"Linde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4036","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2007.4036.4042","article-title":"Spasmolytic effect of Petroselinum crispum (Parsley) on rat\u2019s ileum at different calcium chloride concentrations","volume":"10","author":"Moazedi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.06.743","article-title":"Analgesic effects of seed extract from Petroselinum crispum (Tagetes minuta) in animal models","volume":"180","author":"Behtash","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"3","article-title":"Pharmaceutical and formulation aspects of Petroselinum crispum extract","volume":"82","author":"Ruszkai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Hung."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-012-0874-5","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of an aqueous extract of Petroselinum crispum leaves against pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients with burns infections in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq","volume":"39","author":"Aljanaby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Kuete, V. (2017). Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa. Therapeutic Potential against Metabolic, Inflammatory, Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2006.03.007","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant activity of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) essential oil and identification of its antioxidant constituents","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.05.020","article-title":"Bioactive compounds isolated from Petroselinum crispum L. leaves using bioguided fractionation","volume":"89","author":"Sbai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Intirach, J., Junkum, A., Lumjuan, N., Chaithong, U., Somboon, P., Jitpakdi, A., Riyong, D., Wannasan, A., Champakaew, D., and Muangmoon, R. (2019). Biochemical effects of Petroselinum crispum (Umbellifereae) essential oil on the pyrethroid resistant strains of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Insects, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201811.0204.v1"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.02.014","article-title":"Plant-based larvicidal agents: An overview from 2000 to 2018","volume":"199","author":"Piplani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjab008","article-title":"Enhancement of temephos and deltamethrin toxicity by Petroselinum crispum oil and its main constituents against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"58","author":"Junkum","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-4576.2020.00102.4","article-title":"Insecticidal activity of Petroselinum crispum essential oil on mosquitoes","volume":"44","author":"Seghier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.01.026","article-title":"Larvicidal activity of essential oils extracted from commonly used herbs in Lebanon against the seaside mosquito, Ochlerotatus caspius","volume":"99","author":"Knio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"World Flora Online Consortium (2021, November 04). World Flora Online. Available online: http:\/\/www.worldfloraonline.org."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, S.M., Khoo, K.S., Sekaran, S.D., and Sit, N.W. (2021). Mode-dependent antiviral activity of medicinal plant extracts against the mosquito-borne chikungunya virus. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10081658"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.589.1.1","article-title":"Pictorial keys for the identification of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) associated with dengue virus transmission","volume":"589","author":"Rueda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014, August 19). Guidelines for Laboratory and Field Testing of Mosquito Larvicides. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/69101."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v14i11.6","article-title":"Interactions between plant extracts and cell viability indicators during cytotoxicity testing: Implications for ethnopharmacological studies","volume":"14","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.75","article-title":"Neutral red uptake assay for the estimation of cell viability\/ cytotoxicity","volume":"3","author":"Repetto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)85732-5","article-title":"Classification of the solvent properties of common liquids","volume":"92","author":"Snyder","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2623-x","article-title":"Biological activity of selected Lamiaceae and Zingiberaceae plant essential oils against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"110","author":"Kalaivani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23994","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7651-8","article-title":"Antimosquito property of Petroselinum crispum (Umbellifereae) against the pyrethroid resistant and susceptible strains of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"23","author":"Intirach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2005.01.007","article-title":"Insecticidal, repellent and oviposition-deterrent activity of selected essential oils against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus","volume":"96","author":"Prajapati","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1021\/np970459f","article-title":"Novel bioactivities of Curcuma longa constituents","volume":"61","author":"Roth","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762004000500015","article-title":"Larvicidal activity of essential oils from Brazilian plants against Aedes aegypti L.","volume":"99","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4081\/jear.2016.4938","article-title":"Mosquitocidal properties of Ocimum canum Sims (Lamiaceae) leaf extracts against dengue vector Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"48","author":"Prabhavathi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Acarol. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s11829-021-09842-4","article-title":"Insecticidal activity of essential oils from six aromatic plants against Aedes aegypti, dengue vector from two localities of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","volume":"15","author":"Wangrawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthropod-Plant Interact."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.06.050","article-title":"Essential oils for the development of eco-friendly mosquito larvicides: A review","volume":"76","author":"Pavela","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14082","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200814082","article-title":"Mosquitocidal and oviposition repellent activities of the extracts of seaweed Bryopsis pennata on Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"125","article-title":"Larvicidal activity of ethanol extract of Carica papaya seed against Aedes albopictus (Skuse)","volume":"23","author":"Hussin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Medical Toxicol. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"80","article-title":"A preliminary study on larvicidal efficacy of Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) extracts against dengue vector, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"26","author":"Aziz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Serangga"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, C.A., Ho, L.Y., and Sit, N.W. (2022). Larvicidal activity and phytochemical profiling of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaf extract against Asian Tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus). Horticulturae, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae8050443"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1006\/jipa.1999.4886","article-title":"Differential toxicity of leaf litter to dipteran larvae of mosquito developmental sites","volume":"75","author":"David","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-4910-z","article-title":"Effect of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) oils on the morphology and mortality of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles dirus larvae","volume":"115","author":"Soonwera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grover, M., Behl, T., Sehgal, A., Singh, S., Sharma, N., Virmani, T., Rachamalla, M., Farasani, A., Chigurupati, S., and Alsubayiel, A.M. (2021). In vitro phytochemical screening, cytotoxicity studies of Curcuma longa extracts with isolation and characterisation of their isolated compounds. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26247509"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564927","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/564927","article-title":"Anticancer activity of certain herbs and spices on the cervical epithelial carcinoma (Hela) cell line","volume":"2012","author":"Berrington","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"156","article-title":"Modern plant metabolomics for the discovery and characterization of natural products and their biosynthetic genes","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comprehensive Natural Products III Chemistry and Biology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v5i2.31272","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum L. from different populations of Kenya","volume":"5","author":"Matasyoh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.12980\/APJTB.4.2014C77","article-title":"Chemistry and bioactivities of essential oils of some Ocimum species: An overview","volume":"4","author":"Pandey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10001","DOI":"10.1021\/jf102193k","article-title":"Larvicidal activity of Asarum heterotropoides root constituents against insecticide-susceptible and-resistant Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes aegypti and Ochlerotatus togoi","volume":"58","author":"Perumalsamy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2022.102713","article-title":"In vitro and in silico analysis of the Anopheles anticholinesterase activity of terpenoids","volume":"93","author":"Koekemoer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5542","article-title":"Chemical composition and larvicidal activity against Aedes mosquitoes of essential oils from Arisaema fargesii","volume":"76","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.02.030","article-title":"Insecticidal activities of leaf essential oils from Cinnamomum osmophloeum against three mosquito species","volume":"100","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4809-0","article-title":"Eugenol, \u03b1-pinene and \u03b2-caryophyllene from Plectranthus barbatus essential oil as eco-friendly larvicides against malaria, dengue and Japanese encephalitis mosquito vectors","volume":"115","author":"Govindarajan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.172320","article-title":"Overexpression of Arabidopsis ECERIFERUM1 promotes wax very-long-chain alkane biosynthesis and influences plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses","volume":"156","author":"Bourdenx","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.03.037","article-title":"Anti-acetylcholinesterase potential and metabolome classification of 4 Ocimum species as determined via UPLC\/qTOF\/MS and chemometric tools","volume":"125","author":"Farag","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0848-8","article-title":"Larvicidal activity and possible mode of action of four flavonoids and two fatty acids identified in Millettia pinnata seed toward three mosquito species","volume":"8","author":"Perumalsamy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4064","article-title":"Larvicidal activity of Magnolia denudata seed hydrodistillate constituents and related compounds and liquid formulations towards two susceptible and two wild mosquito species","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed Abdoul-Latif, F., Elmi, A., Merito, A., Nour, M., Risler, A., Ainane, A., Bignon, J., and Ainane, T. (2022). Essential oils of Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum americanum L. from Djibouti: Chemical composition, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity evaluations. Processes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10091785"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5025-2","article-title":"\u03b1-Humulene and \u03b2-elemene from Syzygium zeylanicum (Myrtaceae) essential oil: Highly effective and eco-friendly larvicides against Anopheles subpictus, Aedes albopictus, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"115","author":"Govindarajan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.11.060","article-title":"Variations in insecticidal activity and chemical compositions of leaf essential oils from Cryptomeria japonica at different ages","volume":"100","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685864","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.685864","article-title":"Larvicidal activity of essential oils from Piper species against strains of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) resistant to pyrethroids","volume":"12","author":"Pessoa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theochari, I., Giatropoulos, A., Papadimitriou, V., Karras, V., Balatsos, G., Papachristos, D., and Michaelakis, A. (2020). Physicochemical characteristics of four limonene-based nanoemulsions and their larvicidal properties against two mosquito species, Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens molestus. Insects, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11110740"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanei-Dehkordi, A., Moemenbellah-Fard, M.D., Saffari, M., Zarenezhad, E., and Osanloo, M. (2022). Nanoliposomes containing limonene and limonene-rich essential oils as novel larvicides against malaria and filariasis mosquito vectors. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-022-03624-y"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"1829160","article-title":"Plant sources, extraction methods, and uses of squalene","volume":"2018","author":"Gorinstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800136","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800136","article-title":"Current insights into the biological action of squalene","volume":"62","author":"Sanclemente","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/14\/6\/512\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:47:03Z","timestamp":1760125623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/14\/6\/512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["insects14060512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects14060512","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}}}