{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T23:10:46Z","timestamp":1785453046777,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,25]],"date-time":"2023-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31701807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31701807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) play essential roles in signal transduction by regulating fast inhibitory synaptic transmission in the nervous system of invertebrates. While there is only one GluCl subunit in the insect, the diversity of insect GluCls is broadened by alternative splicing. In the present study, three TcGluCl variant genes were cloned from the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Analysis of the characteristics of TcGluCls including sequence features, genomic structures, and alternative splicing revealed that TcGluCls had the typical structural features of GluCls and showed high homologies with the GluCls from other insect orders. The TcGluCl-encoding gene consists of nine exons and three variants (TcGluCl-3a, TcGluCl-3b, and TcGluCl-3c) were generated by the alternative splicing of exon 3, which was a highly conserved alternative splicing site in insect GluCls. Homology modeling of TcGluCl-3a showed that the exon 3 coding protein located at the N-terminal extracellular domain, and there were no steric clashes encountered between the exon 3 coding region and ivermectin\/glutamate binding pocket, which indicated that the alternative splicing of exon 3 might have no impact on the binding of GluCls to glutamate and insecticide. In addition to the head tissue, TcGluCl-3a and TcGluCl-3c also had high expressions in the ovary and testis of T. castaneum, whereas TcGluCl-3b showed high expression in the midgut, suggesting the diverse physiological functions of TcGluCl variants in T. castaneum. The total TcGluCl and three variants showed the highest expression levels in the early stage larvae. The expressions of TcGluCl, TcGluCl-3b, and TcGluCl-3c were significantly increased from the late-stage larvae to the early stage pupae and indicated that the TcGluCl might be involved in the growth and development of T. castaneum. These results are helpful to further understand the molecular characteristics of insect GluCls and provide foundations for studying the specific function of the GluCl variant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14070580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T05:11:54Z","timestamp":1687756314000},"page":"580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Characterization of Glutamate-Gated Chloride Channel in Tribolium castaneum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kun","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daojie","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anxiang","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4155-4867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangkun","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40232","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R112.406280","article-title":"Glutamate-gated Chloride Channels","volume":"287","author":"Wolstenholme","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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