{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T15:21:35Z","timestamp":1781709695847,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2018R1A6A1A03024862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1A6A1A03024862"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJ01577802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ01577802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003627","name":"RDA agenda project on Pesticide-Honey Bee Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2018R1A6A1A03024862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1A6A1A03024862"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003627","name":"RDA agenda project on Pesticide-Honey Bee Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJ01577802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ01577802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The honey bee (Apis mellifera) faces a significant threat from Varroa destructor, causing the losses of millions of colonies worldwide. While synthetic acaricides are widely used to control Varroa infestations, excessive application has led to resistant strains and poses side effects on the host. Consequently, there is an urgent need for a new acaricide that is both effective and affordable, yet safe to use on bees. One potential source of these acaricides is essential oils (EOs) and their constituents. This study evaluated the acaricidal properties of four essential oils (Eucalyptus globulus, Rosemary officinalis, Trachyspermum ammi (Ethiopian and Indian varieties), their constituents and mixture of constituents against V. destructor through the complete exposure method. Our finding showed that a 1:1 mixture of thymol and carvacrol (4 h-LC50 = 42 \u03bcg\/mL), thymol (4 h-LC50 = 71 \u03bcg\/mL), and T. ammi oil (4 h-LC50 = 81\u201398 \u03bcg\/mL) were the most toxic test samples against V. destructor. Honey bee behavior and selectivity were also assessed with one additional EO Thymus schimperi, indicating that T. schimperi, T. ammi, and their components were selective and did not affect the learning and memory of bees. In conclusion, the thymol and carvacrol (1:1) mixture was shown to be a promising replacement for synthetic acaricides, being three times more toxic than a commercial acaricide, fluvalinate (4 h-LC50 = 143 \u03bcg\/mL).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14090735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T10:30:52Z","timestamp":1693391452000},"page":"735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Acaricidal Toxicity of Four Essential Oils, Their Predominant Constituents, Their Mixtures against Varroa Mite, and Their Selectivity to Honey Bees (Apis cerana and A. mellifera)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0401-6638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tekalign","family":"Begna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9344-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delgermaa","family":"Ulziibayar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Technology, School of Tourism and Land Management, Mongolian National University, Ulanbator P.O. Box -46A\/523, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4007-6443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Bisrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8134-9279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuleui","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Agriculture Science and Technology Research Institute, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Wang, C., Huang, Z.Y., Chen, Y., and Han, R. (2019). Reproduction of distinct Varroa destructor genotypes on honey bee worker brood. 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