{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:34:07Z","timestamp":1790858047652,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship to S.A.","award":["4-FY9LIES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4-FY9LIES"]}]},{"name":"Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry","award":["4-FY9LIES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4-FY9LIES"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are among the most damaging tree pests globally. Rising temperatures, drought, fire, storms, cyclones, and poor forest management cause stress and loss of vigour in trees, and these conditions favour bark beetle outbreaks. While research has been conducted on push\u2013pull strategies to deter bark beetles, using attractive and deterrent semiochemicals, the potential of this strategy to reduce bark beetle populations, particularly in the genera Dendroctonus and Ips, remains uncertain. Here, we conducted a global meta-analysis of 52 research articles to quantify the effects of semiochemical treatments on managing different species of Dendroctonus and Ips for forest protection. Based on this analysis, we found that push\u2013pull semiochemicals can significantly reduce Dendroctonus and Ips populations measured by a reduction in the attraction to lure\/trap catches, tree mortality, and attacks on trees. The overall efficacy of the push\u2013pull semiochemical treatment shows a 66% reduction for Ips compared to control and a 54% reduction compared to control for Dendroctonus, while, at the species level, there was a 69% reduction for Dendroctonus ponderosae (Hopkins) and a 94% reduction in Ips perturbatus (Eichhoff), and a 93% reduction in Ips latidens (LeConte). Interestingly, among different treatment sources, the efficacy of conspecific semiochemicals in combination with heterospecific semiochemicals and non-host volatiles showed a 92% reduction in Dendroctonus spp., and conspecific semiochemicals in combination with non-host volatiles showed a 77% significant reduction in Ips spp., while the efficacy of heterospecific semiochemicals in reducing Ips population was about 69%, and 20% in Dendroctonus. Among different ecological regions, the use of a push\u2013pull strategy showed a 70% reduction in Dendroctonus in central-west North America, and Ips showed a 75% reduction in southwest North America. Our results demonstrate that semiochemical-based push\u2013pull techniques have the potential to reduce Dendroctonus and Ips bark beetle populations. Furthermore, based on our analysis, the efficacy of such eco-friendly interventions could be further improved and provide a good tool for forest managers to control these pests, at least under some circumstances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14100812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T10:16:12Z","timestamp":1697192172000},"page":"812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["How Effective Are Push\u2013Pull Semiochemicals as Deterrents for Bark Beetles? A Global Meta-Analysis of Thirty Years of Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Somia","family":"Afzal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Industries Research Centre, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen F.","family":"Nahrung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Industries Research Centre, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1692-8044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon A.","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Industries Research Centre, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4860-0107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard Andrew","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Industries Research Centre, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kirkendall, L.R., Biedermann, P.H., and Jordal, B.H. 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