{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T02:01:29Z","timestamp":1781834489468,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32270460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021xjkk0605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021xjkk0605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program","award":["32270460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270460"]}]},{"name":"Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program","award":["2021xjkk0605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021xjkk0605"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The model organism Drosophila melanogaster, as a species of Holometabola, undergoes a series of transformations during metamorphosis. To deeply understand its development, it is crucial to study its anatomy during the key developmental stages. We describe the anatomical systems of the thorax, including the endoskeleton, musculature, nervous ganglion, and digestive system, from the late pupal stage to the adult stage, based on micro-CT and 3D visualizations. The development of the endoskeleton causes original and insertional changes in muscles. Several muscles change their shape during development in a non-uniform manner with respect to both absolute and relative size; some become longer and broader, while others shorten and become narrower. Muscular shape may vary during development. The number of muscular bundles also increases or decreases. Growing muscles are probably anchored by the tissues in the stroma. Some muscles and tendons are absent in the adult stage, possibly due to the hardened sclerites. Nearly all flight muscles are present by the third day of the pupal stage, which may be due to the presence of more myofibers with enough mitochondria to support flight power. There are sexual differences in the same developmental period. In contrast to the endodermal digestive system, the functions of most thoracic muscles change in the development from the larva to the adult in order to support more complex locomotion under the control of a more structured ventral nerve cord based on the serial homology proposed herein.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14110893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T01:54:12Z","timestamp":1700445252000},"page":"893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Morphological Transformation of the Thorax during the Eclosion of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4519-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si-Pei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-Dong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5667-1028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuang-Hui","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0085-6218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng-Zhong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7056-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Kun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Li","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Qiong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong E.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9168-0659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing-Yue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5924-3400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si-Qin","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.07.059","article-title":"Insect evolution","volume":"25","author":"Engel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. 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