{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T14:32:37Z","timestamp":1769005957933,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"Biotechnology Risk Assessment Grant (BRAG) program and Hatch Multistate NC-246 project of the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014-33522-22215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-33522-22215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The fall armyworm (JE Smith) (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a polyphagous pest targeted by selected Cry and Vip3A insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that are produced in transgenic Bt corn and cotton. Available evidence suggests that sublethal larval exposure to Cry1Ac increases flight activity in adult Spodoptera spp. However, it is not known whether this effect is also observed in survivors from generally lethal exposure to Cry1Ac. Moreover, while multiple cases of field-evolved resistance to Bt proteins have been described in the native range of S. frugiperda, the effect of resistance on flight behavior has not been examined. Long-distance migratory flight capacity of S. frugiperda is of concern given its ongoing global spread and the possibility that migrants may be carrying resistance alleles against pesticides and Bt crops. In this study, we used rotational flight mills to test the effects of generally lethal exposure to Cry1Ac in susceptible and sublethal exposure in Cry1F-resistant S. frugiperda strains. The results detected altered pupal weight after larval feeding on diet containing Cry proteins, which only translated in significantly increased tendency for longer flights in female moths from the susceptible strain. This information has relevant implications when considering current models and assumptions for resistance management of Bt crops.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15010007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T08:53:01Z","timestamp":1703235181000},"page":"7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exposure to Cry1 Toxins Increases Long Flight Tendency in Susceptible but Not in Cry1F-Resistant Female Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1652-213X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline P.","family":"De Bortoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2591-6464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael F.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giordano J.","family":"Assirati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3053-1518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaocun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Computing Support, Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Hietala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8945-1814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Luis","family":"Jurat-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.4001\/003.026.0286","article-title":"Host plants of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Americas","volume":"26","author":"Montezano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr. 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