{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:46:29Z","timestamp":1760143589633,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"]}]},{"name":"French National Research Agency","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"]}]},{"name":"R\u00e9gion Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"]}]},{"name":"European ERDF PRIMI","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human lice are the only hematophagous ectoparasites specific to human hosts. They transmit epidemic typhus, trench fever and relapsing fever, diseases which have already caused millions of deaths worldwide. In order to further investigate lice vectorial capacities, laboratory-controlled live lice colonies are essential. Previously developed lice-rearing methods significantly advanced research on louse-borne diseases and louse biology. In this study, we aimed to develop a rearing technique for the Orlando (Or) strain of body lice on an artificial membrane. We tested two systems, namely the Hemotek feeding system and a Petri dish with the lice being fed through a Parafilm membrane. Lice longevity and development were drastically affected by the blood anticoagulant. Additionally, heparinised human blood on a Petri dish was the best candidate when compared to the control group (reared on a rabbit). Therefore, this strategy was applied to 500 lice. Development into adulthood was recorded after 21 days (17 days for the rabbits), and 52 eggs were deposited (240 for the rabbits). In this study, we were able to maintain one generation of body lice on an artificial membrane with comparable feeding and longevity rates to those fed on live rabbits. However, lice fecundity decreased on the artificial membrane. In vitro lice-rearing experiments will enable pathogen infection assays and pesticide bioassays to be carried out in accordance with animal welfare requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15030145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T05:42:46Z","timestamp":1708494166000},"page":"145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a Technique Using Artificial Membrane for In Vitro Rearing of Body Lice Pediculus humanus humanus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alissa","family":"Hammoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0086-6990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meriem","family":"Louni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9523-0524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Abou-Chacra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Aix Marseille University, IRD, APHM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noelle","family":"Mazzotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences M\u00e9dicales et Param\u00e9dicales, Timone, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Fenollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Aix Marseille University, IRD, APHM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6039-2008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg","family":"Mediannikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1086\/520454","article-title":"The Body Louse as a Vector of Reemerging Human Diseases","volume":"29","author":"Raoult","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30487-4","article-title":"The Role of Louse-Transmitted Diseases in Historical Plague Pandemics","volume":"21","author":"Barbieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amanzougaghene, N., Fenollar, F., Raoult, D., and Mediannikov, O. (2020). Where Are We With Human Lice? A Review of the Current State of Knowledge. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","key":"ref_3","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00474"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2020007","article-title":"A Simplified Protocol for in Vitro Rearing of Human Body Lice","volume":"27","author":"Pietri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.09.003","article-title":"Biology and Genetics of Human Head and Body Lice","volume":"28","author":"Veracx","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"127","article-title":"Techniques for Rearing and Handling Body Lice, Oriental Rat Fleas, and Cat Fleas","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"1954","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.5.628","article-title":"In Vivo and In Vitro Rearing of Pediculus Humanus Capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)","volume":"40","author":"Yoon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1948.s1-28.499","article-title":"Rearing and Maintaining a Laboratory Colony of Body Lice on Rabbits","volume":"28","author":"Culpepper","year":"1948","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/39.5.660a","article-title":"Rearing Body Lice on Rabbits","volume":"39","author":"Culpepper","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2011.01.011","article-title":"Comparison of the Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses between Body and Head Lice Following Bacterial Challenge","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00149.x","article-title":"Immunization of Rabbits with a Midgut Extract of the Human Body Louse Pediculus Humanus Humanus: The Effect of Induced Resistance on the Louse Population","volume":"8","author":"Mumcuoglu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bland, D.M., and Hinnebusch, B.J. (2016). Feeding Behavior Modulates Biofilm-Mediated Transmission of Yersinia Pestis by the Cat Flea, Ctenocephalides Felis. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 10.","key":"ref_12","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004413"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1876-1879.2001","article-title":"Experimental Model of Human Body Louse Infection Using Green Fluorescent Protein-Expressing Bartonella Quintana","volume":"69","author":"Fournier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1378-0","article-title":"Pediculus Humanus Capitis (Head Lice) and Pediculus Humanus Humanus (Body Lice): Response to Laboratory Temperature and Humidity and Susceptibility to Monoterpenoids","volume":"105","author":"Gallardo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1086\/508995","article-title":"Experimental Model to Evaluate the Human Body Louse as a Vector of Plague","volume":"194","author":"Houhamdi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1086\/345373","article-title":"An Experimental Model of Human Body Louse Infection with Rickettsia Prowazekii","volume":"186","author":"Houhamdi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.1.72","article-title":"Systemic Activity of Ivermectin on the Human Body Louse (Anoplura: Pediculidae)","volume":"27","author":"Mumcuoglu","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amanzougaghene, N., Fenollar, F., Nappez, C., Ben-Amara, A., Decloquement, P., Azza, S., Bechah, Y., Chabri\u00e8re, E., Raoult, D., and Mediannikov, O. (2018). Complexin in Ivermectin Resistance in Body Lice. PLoS Genet., 14.","key":"ref_18","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007569"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.7601\/mez.54.343","article-title":"An Artificial Blood Feeding System for Body Louse, Pediculus Humanus","volume":"54","author":"Kasai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1956.5.315","article-title":"An Artificial Membrane and Apparatus for the Feeding of the Human Body Louse Pediculus Humanus Corporis","volume":"5","author":"Haddon","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2010.00897.x","article-title":"Effects of Blood Type and Blood Handling on Feeding Success, Longevity and Egg Production in the Body Louse, Pediculus Humanus Humanus","volume":"25","author":"Mumcuoglu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1956.5.326","article-title":"The Maintenance of the Human Body Louse Pediculus Humanus Corporis through Complete Cycles of Growth by Serial Feeding through Artificial Membranes","volume":"5","author":"Haddon","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.01.001","article-title":"Synergistic Activity of Antibiotics Combined with Ivermectin to Kill Body Lice","volume":"47","author":"Sangare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.7601\/mez.65.151","article-title":"Experiment on Mosquito Blood Feeding Using the Artificial Feeding Device","volume":"65","author":"Tsurukawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.6.795","article-title":"An Automated Feeding Apparatus for In Vitro Maintenance of the Human Head Louse, Pediculus Capiti s (Anoplura: Pediculidae)","volume":"40","author":"Velten","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2006.04.001","article-title":"An Improved in Vitro Rearing System for the Human Head Louse Allows the Determination of Resistance to Formulated Pediculicides","volume":"86","author":"Yoon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"82","article-title":"Ex Vivo Development of Eggs from Head Lice (Pediculus Humanus Capitis)","volume":"4","author":"Sonnberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Dermatol. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.4.472","article-title":"Effects of Anticoagulant on pH, Ionized Calcium Concentration, and Agonist-Induced Platelet Aggregation in Canine Platelet-Rich Plasma","volume":"70","author":"Callan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.4.1523","article-title":"Heparin Neutralization by Platelet-Rich Thrombi. Role of Platelet Factor 4","volume":"89","author":"Eitzman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"unstructured":"Habedank, B., Schrader, G., Scheurer, S., and Schein, E. (1999, January 19\u201322). Investigations on the in Vitro Feeding and in Vitro Breeding of the Human Body Louse Pediculus Humanus (Anoplura: Pediculidae). Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Urban Pests, Prague, Czech Republic.","key":"ref_30"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7349","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01429-06","article-title":"Symbiotic Bacteria Associated with Stomach Discs of Human Lice","volume":"72","author":"Koga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/11.5.404","article-title":"A Note on the Life Cycle and Fertility of the Body Louse (Pediculus Corporis)","volume":"11","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1918","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000003747","article-title":"The Biology of Pediculus Humanus","volume":"10","author":"Nuttall","year":"1917","journal-title":"Parasitology"}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/15\/3\/145\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:02:20Z","timestamp":1760104940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/15\/3\/145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["insects15030145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects15030145","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4450"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]}}}