{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:50:35Z","timestamp":1760143835639,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Cagliari","award":["FIR 2019\u20132020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIR 2019\u20132020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u201cCalling behaviour\u201d is a stereotyped rhythmic motor pattern displayed by female moths, by which they emit the sex pheromone to attract of conspecific males. Calling occurs through a squeezing mechanism based on the turtleneck-like folding and unfolding of the ovipositor cuticle during its telescopic extensions and retractions. This mechanism is under the control of the terminal abdominal ganglion (TAG). By combining anatomical and electrophysiological approaches, here we studied the morpho-functional organisation of the abdominal muscles and the activity of motoneurons from TAG nerve N4-N6 as correlated to the ovipositor movements during calling in the female spongy moth Lymantria dispar. Our results show that the three abdominal segments S7, S8 and S9 (ovipositor) are highly specialized structures containing cuticular appendages, hinges, apodemes and several large muscles, innervated by N4 and especially by N5. N6 mainly innervates the oviductal tract. We also identified a number of motor units from N4 and N5, the spike activity of which is correlated with the ovipositor movements during calling. In conclusion, the release of sex pheromones in the female spongy moth is obtained by extensions and retractions of the ovipositor operated by a coordinated motor program, which is mainly sustained by the activity of a few motor units under the control of TAG nerves N4 and N5.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15030169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T06:07:53Z","timestamp":1709273273000},"page":"169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neuromuscular Anatomy and Motor Patterns at the Base of Calling Behaviour in the Female Spongy Moth Lymantria dispar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8785-1438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Solari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7341-582X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Sollai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Crnjar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.08.022","article-title":"Invertebrate central pattern generation moves along","volume":"15","author":"Marder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. 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