{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:43:46Z","timestamp":1791855826316,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]],"date-time":"2024-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["321RC660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321RC660"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CARS-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-14"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["321RC660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321RC660"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["CARS-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-14"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the changes in the conventional nutrient and mineral compositions as well as the metabolomics characteristics of the red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophus ferrugineus Olivier (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) larvae at early (EL), middle (ML) and old (OL) developmental stages were investigated. Results showed that the EL and ML had the highest content of protein (53.87 g\/100 g dw) and fat (67.95 g\/100 g), respectively, and three kinds of RPW larvae were all found to be rich in unsaturated fatty acids (52.17\u201353.12%), potassium (5707.12\u201315,865.04 mg\/kg) and phosphorus (2123.87\u20137728.31 mg\/kg). In addition, their protein contained 17 amino acids with the largest proportion of glutamate. A total of 424 metabolites mainly including lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and their derivatives, organic heterocycle compounds, alkaloids and their derivatives, etc. were identified in the RPW larvae. There was a significant enrichment in the ABC transport, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and mTOR signaling pathways as the larvae grow according to the analysis results of the metabolic pathways of differential metabolites. The water extract of EL exhibited relatively higher hydroxyl, 2,2-diphenyl-1-pyrroline hydrochloride (DPPH) and 2,2\u2019-azobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging ability with the EC50 values of 1.12 mg\/mL, 11.23 mg\/mL, and 2.52 mg\/mL, respectively. These results contribute to a better understanding of the compositional changes of the RPW larvae during its life cycle and provide a theoretical grounding for its deep processing and high-value utilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15040294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T06:10:18Z","timestamp":1713766218000},"page":"294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Combined Analysis of Metabolomics and Biochemical Changes Reveals the Nutritional and Functional Characteristics of Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Larvae at Different Developmental Stages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mengran","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests of Ministry of Education, College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jintao","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Engineering Center of Coconut Further Processing, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9409-468X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Engineering Center of Coconut Further Processing, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Engineering Center of Coconut Further Processing, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaojun","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Engineering Center of Coconut Further Processing, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baozhu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Engineering Center of Coconut Further Processing, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoxu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Engineering Center of Coconut Further Processing, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiquan","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Engineering Center of Coconut Further Processing, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1525\/elementa.310","article-title":"Current global food production is sufficient to meet human nutritional needs in 2050 provided there is radical societal adaptation","volume":"6","author":"Kennelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elem.-Sci. 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