{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:34:07Z","timestamp":1791725647750,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bologna","award":["RFO2021_SGOLASTRA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFO2021_SGOLASTRA"]}]},{"name":"University of Bologna","award":["CN_00000022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000022"]}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU program","award":["RFO2021_SGOLASTRA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFO2021_SGOLASTRA"]}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU program","award":["CN_00000022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000022"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["RFO2021_SGOLASTRA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFO2021_SGOLASTRA"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["CN_00000022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000022"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Universities","award":["RFO2021_SGOLASTRA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFO2021_SGOLASTRA"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Universities","award":["CN_00000022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Insects play an essential role as pollinators of wild flowers and crops. At the same time, pollinators in agricultural environments are commonly exposed to pesticides, compromising their survival and the provision of pollination services. Although pollinators include a wide range of species from several insect orders, information on pesticide sensitivity is mostly restricted to bees. In addition, the disparity of methodological procedures used for different insect groups hinders the comparison of toxicity data between bees and other pollinators. Dipterans are a highly diverse insect order that includes some important pollinators. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the sensitivity of two hoverflies (Sphaerophoria rueppellii, Eristalinus aeneus) and one tachinid fly (Exorista larvarum) to a neonicotinoid insecticide (Confidor\u00ae, imidacloprid) following a comparative approach. We adapted the standardized methodology of acute contact exposure in honey bees to build dose\u2013response curves and calculate median lethal doses (LD50) for the three species. The methodology consisted in applying 1 \u00b5L of the test solution on the thorax of each insect. Sphaerophoria\u00a0rueppelli was the most sensitive species (LD50 = 10.23 ng\/insect), and E. aeneus (LD50 = 18,176 ng\/insect) the least. We then compared our results with those available in the literature for other pollinator species using species sensitivity distribution (SSD). Based on the SSD curve, the 95th percentile of pollinator species would be protected by a safety factor of 100 times the Apis mellifera endpoint. Overall, dipterans were less sensitive to imidacloprid than most bee species. As opposed to most bee species, oviposition and fecundity of many dipteran species can be reliably assessed in the laboratory. We measured the number of eggs laid following exposure to different insecticide doses and assessed the potential trade-off between oviposition and survival through the sublethal sensitivity index (SSI). Exposure to imidacloprid had a significant effect on fecundity, and SSI values indicated that oviposition is a sensitive endpoint for the three dipteran species tested. Future studies should integrate this information related to population dynamics in simulation models for environmental risk assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15050317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T04:01:52Z","timestamp":1714449712000},"page":"317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Different Sensitivity of Flower-Visiting Diptera to a Neonicotinoid Insecticide: Expanding the Base for a Multiple-Species Risk Assessment Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"C\u00e1tia Ariana","family":"Henriques Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celeste","family":"Azpiazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREAF, Centre de Recerca Ecol\u00f2gica i Aplicacions Forestals, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8088-9457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREAF, Centre de Recerca Ecol\u00f2gica i Aplicacions Forestals, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Burgio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Dindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9482-9116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santolo","family":"Francati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Sommaggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Universit\u00e0 di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2845-8297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Sgolastra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3721","article-title":"Importance of Pollinators in Changing Landscapes for World Crops","volume":"274","author":"Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. 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