{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T03:24:36Z","timestamp":1785900276651,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangsu Forestry Science and Technology Innovation and Promotion Project","award":["LYKJ [2021]14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LYKJ [2021]14"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Forestry Science and Technology Innovation and Promotion Project","award":["31470579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31470579"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LYKJ [2021]14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LYKJ [2021]14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31470579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31470579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The fall webworm (FWW), H. cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiidae), is an extremely high-risk globally invasive pest. Understanding the invasion dynamics of invasive pests and identifying the critical factors that promote their spread is essential for devising practical and efficient strategies for their control and management. The invasion dynamics of the FWW and its influencing factors were analyzed using standard deviation ellipse and spatial autocorrelation methods. The analysis was based on statistical data on the occurrence of the FWW in China. The dissemination pattern of the FWW between 1979 and 2022 followed a sequence of \u201cinvasion-occurrence-transmission-outbreak\u201d, spreading progressively from coastal to inland regions. Furthermore, areas with high nighttime light values, abundant ports, and non-forested areas with low vegetation cover at altitudes below 500 m were more likely to be inhabited by the black-headed FWW. The dynamic invasion pattern and the driving factors associated with the fall webworm (FWW) provide critical insights for future FWW management strategies. These strategies serve not only to regulate the dissemination of insects and diminish migratory tendencies but also to guarantee the implementation of efficient early detection systems and prompt response measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15050349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T11:18:17Z","timestamp":1715599097000},"page":"349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exploring the Dynamic Invasion Pattern of the Black-Headed Fall Webworm in China: Susceptibility to Topography, Vegetation, and Human Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7933-909X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2056-4113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinquan","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0707-3755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaosheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-019-02156-w","article-title":"The Early Detection of and Rapid Response (EDRR) to Invasive Species: A Conceptual Framework and Federal Capacities Assessment","volume":"22","author":"Reaser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12986","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12986","article-title":"Massive yet Grossly Underestimated Global Costs of Invasive Insects","volume":"7","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11261","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602480113","article-title":"Invasive Predators and Global Biodiversity Loss","volume":"113","author":"Doherty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2008.01600.x","article-title":"Trade, Transport and Trouble: Managing Invasive Species Pathways in an Era of Globalization","volume":"46","author":"Hulme","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2003.02038.x","article-title":"Forecasting Biological Invasions with Increasing International Trade","volume":"17","author":"Levine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12627","article-title":"Scientists\u2019 Warning on Invasive Alien Species","volume":"95","author":"Hulme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-014-0817-8","article-title":"EU Adopts Innovative Legislation on Invasive Species: A Step towards a Global Response to Biological Invasions?","volume":"17","author":"Genovesi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14435","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14435","article-title":"No Saturation in the Accumulation of Alien Species Worldwide","volume":"8","author":"Seebens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010715-023916","article-title":"Invasion and Management of Agricultural Alien Insects in China","volume":"61","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"157","article-title":"Challenges in Preventing and Controlling Invasive Alien Species in China","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biosaf."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"410","article-title":"Research Progresses on Management of Invasive Alien Species in China","volume":"49","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Prot."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"100201","article-title":"American Fall Webworm in China: A New Case of Global Biological Invasions","volume":"3","author":"Ning","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2022.120682","article-title":"Landscapes Drive the Dispersal of Monochamus Alternatus, Vector of the Pinewood Nematode, Revealed by Whole-Genome Resequencing","volume":"529","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2926","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2926","article-title":"Perspectives of Invasive Alien Species Management in China","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2023, May 30). CABI Compendium. Available online: https:\/\/www.cabidigitallibrary.org\/doi\/10.1079\/cabicompendium.28302#tab-citations."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2023, May 30). Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Available online: https:\/\/www.mee.gov.cn\/gkml\/zj\/wj\/200910\/t20091022_172155.htm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2005.10.006","article-title":"Temperature Profiles inside Webs of the Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae): Influence of Weather, Compass Orientation, and Time of Day","volume":"31","author":"Rehnberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4565(02)00026-8","article-title":"Heat Retention by Webs of the Fall Webworm Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae): Infrared Warming and Forced Convective Cooling","volume":"27","author":"Rehnberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2014.11.003","article-title":"Cold Hardiness Characteristic of the Overwintering Pupae of Fall Webworm Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in the Northeast of China","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"149","article-title":"Research Progress of Occurrence Regularity and Control Technology of Hyphantria cunea (Drury)","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jiangsu Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, P., Yang, R., Cao, R., Hu, X., and Feng, J. (2023). Niche and Range Shifts of the Fall Webworm (Hyphantria cunea Dury) in Europe Imply Its Huge Invasion Potential in the Future. Insects, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14040316"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17038","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17038","article-title":"Testing for Adaptive Changes Linked to Range Expansion Following a Single Introduction of the Fall Webworm","volume":"33","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skend\u017ei\u0107, S., Zovko, M., \u017divkovi\u0107, I.P., Le\u0161i\u0107, V., and Lemi\u0107, D. (2021). The Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Insect Pests. Insects, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12050440"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.2160","article-title":"Complex Responses of Global Insect Pests to Climate Warming","volume":"18","author":"Lehmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-020-5989-3","article-title":"Siberian Silkmoth Outbreaks Surpassed Geoclimatic Barrier in Siberian Mountains","volume":"17","author":"Kharuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/syen.12184","article-title":"The Evolutionary History of Biston Suppressaria (Guen\u00e9e) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) Related to Complex Topography and Geological History","volume":"41","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1423042112","article-title":"The Global Distribution of Diet Breadth in Insect Herbivores","volume":"112","author":"Forister","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1990","article-title":"Crop Pests and Pathogens Move Polewards in a Warming World","volume":"3","author":"Bebber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0376-y","article-title":"Past and Future Spread of the Arbovirus Vectors Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus","volume":"4","author":"Kraemer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5083","article-title":"Projecting the Current and Future Potential Global Distribution of Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) Using CLIMEX","volume":"75","author":"Ge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-9555.2005.00245.x","article-title":"Spatial Autocorrelation as a Tool for Identifying the Geographical Patterns of Aphid Annual Abundance","volume":"7","author":"Cocu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agric. For. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139584","article-title":"Spatial Analysis and GIS Mapping of Regional Hotspots and Potential Health Risk of Fluoride Concentrations in Groundwater of Northern Tanzania","volume":"735","author":"Ijumulana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.030","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Human Infection with the Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus in China and Research on a Risk Assessment Agent-Based Model","volume":"106","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y. (2021). An Analytical Process of Spatial Autocorrelation Functions Based on Moran\u2019s Index. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249589"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159426","article-title":"The Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Urban Green Innovation in China","volume":"857","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150322","article-title":"The Spatiotemporal Variation in Heavy Metals in China\u2019s Farmland Soil over the Past 20 years: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"806","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"2885","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Differentiation and Influencing Factors of China\u2019s Marine Environmental Regulation Efficiency","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107919","article-title":"Dynamics of Invasive Alien Plant Species in China under Climate Change Scenarios","volume":"129","author":"Tu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2007.03.043","article-title":"Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest in Eastern China: Its Ecology and Conservation and the Importance of Resprouting in Forest Restoration","volume":"245","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7575","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602205113","article-title":"Global Threat to Agriculture from Invasive Species","volume":"113","author":"Paini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2023, March 30). National Bureau of Forestry and Grassland, Available online: https:\/\/www.forestry.gov.cn\/c\/www\/gkzfwj\/380006.jhtml."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2023, March 30). China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Available online: https:\/\/www.cnki.net."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2024, April 03). Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Available online: https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/occurrence\/download\/0091723-240321170329656."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2024, April 03). National Tibetan Plateau. Available online: https:\/\/cstr.cn\/18406.11.Terre.tpdc.300330."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03223-1","article-title":"A Prolonged Artificial Nighttime-Light Dataset of China (1984\u20132020)","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2024, April 25). National Tibetan Plateau. Available online: https:\/\/cstr.cn\/18406.11.Socioeco.tpdc.271202."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2024, April 03). National Tibetan Plateau. Available online: https:\/\/data.tpdc.ac.cn\/en\/data\/e755f1ba-9cd1-4e43-98ca-cd081b5a0b3e."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2024, March 01). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncei.noaa.gov\/products\/etopo-global-relief-model."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2024, March 01). NASA EOSDIS Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center, Available online: https:\/\/ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov\/missions-and-measurements\/products\/MCD12Q1."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2023, April 30). Google Earth. Available online: https:\/\/earth.google.com."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.2007.00616.x","article-title":"Shifting of the Life Cycle and Life-History Traits of the Fall Webworm in Relation to Climate Change","volume":"125","author":"Gomi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"13","article-title":"Spatio-temporal characteristics of thermal resources in northeat china during 1956\u20132009","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Agric. Resour. Reg. Plan."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"140","article-title":"Risk Pattern Analysis of Hyphtria cunea Based on Spatial Matrix Model and 0\u20131 Measure","volume":"57","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Silvae Sin."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Change in Voltinism Increases the Spread of Hyphantria cunea in China","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biosaf."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Wei, X., Xiao, H., He, H., Xia, Q., and Xue, F. (2014). Diapause Induction and Termination in Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiinae). PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098145"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/iex042","article-title":"Disentangling Environmental and Anthropogenic Impacts on the Distribution of Unintentionally Introduced Invasive Alien Insects in Mainland China","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/azn047","article-title":"Regulating the Night: Race, Culture and Exclusion in the Making of the Night-Time Economy. By Deborah Talbot","volume":"48","author":"Hadfield","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Shi, Y., and Zheng, J. (2021). Business Circle Identification and Spatiotemporal Characteristics in the Main Urban Area of Yiwu City Based on POI and Night-Time Light Data. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245153"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"188","article-title":"Review on Spatiotemporal Analysis and Modeling of COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"23","author":"Pei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"33","article-title":"Determination of the Flight Ability of Hyphantria cunea (Drury)","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/aen.12251","article-title":"Australopapuan Leaf Beetle Diversity: The Contributions of Hosts Plants and Geography","volume":"56","author":"Reid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Austral Entomol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.47.091201.145300","article-title":"Host Plant Quality and Fecundity in Herbivorous Insects","volume":"47","author":"Awmack","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2018.2854293","article-title":"Long-Term Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS) Fractional Vegetation Cover Product Derived From MODIS and AVHRR Data","volume":"12","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2011.19053.x","article-title":"Abundance Trumps Quality: Bi-Trophic Performance and Parasitism Risk Fail to Explain Host Use in the Fall Webworm","volume":"120","author":"Mason","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7917.2011.01480.x","article-title":"Dispersal Patterns of Exotic Forest Pests in South Korea","volume":"19","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Insect Sci."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/15\/5\/349\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:41:22Z","timestamp":1760107282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/15\/5\/349"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["insects15050349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects15050349","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]}}}