{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T11:13:05Z","timestamp":1769598785086,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biovision Foundation, Switzerland","award":["DPH_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPH_003"]}]},{"name":"DAAD","award":["DPH_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPH_003"]}]},{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology\u2019s (ICIPE)","award":["DPH_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPH_003"]}]},{"name":"Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA)","award":["DPH_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPH_003"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad)","award":["DPH_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPH_003"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)","award":["DPH_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPH_003"]}]},{"name":"Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia","award":["DPH_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPH_003"]}]},{"name":"Government of the Republic of Kenya","award":["DPH_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPH_003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arthropod vectors are responsible for a multitude of human and animal diseases affecting poor communities in sub-Saharan Africa. Their control still relies on chemical agents, despite growing evidence of insecticide resistance and environmental health concerns. Biorational agents, such as the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, might be an alternative for vector control. Recently, the M. anisopliae isolate ICIPE 7 has been developed into a commercial product in Kenya for control of ticks on cattle. We were interested in assessing the potential of controlling not only ticks but also disease-transmitting mosquitoes and tsetse flies using cattle as blood hosts, with the aim of developing a product for integrated vector management. Laboratory bioassays were carried out with M. anisopliae, isolate ICIPE 7 and isolate ICIPE 30, to compare efficacy against laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis. ICIPE 7 was further tested against wild Glossina fuscipes and Rhipicephalus spp. Dose\u2013response tests were implemented, period of mosquito exposure was evaluated for effects on time to death, and the number of spores attached to exposed vectors was assessed. Exposure to 109 spores\/mL of ICIPE 7 for 10 min resulted in a similar mortality of An. arabiensis as exposure to ICIPE 30, albeit at a slower rate (12 vs. 8 days). The same ICIPE 7 concentration also resulted in mortalities of tsetse flies (LT50: 16 days), tick nymphs (LT50: 11 days), and adult ticks (LT50: 20 days). Mosquito mortality was dose-dependent, with decreasing LT50 of 8 days at a concentration of 106 spores\/mL to 6 days at 1010 spores\/mL. Exposure period did not modulate the outcome, 1 min of exposure still resulted in mortality, and spore attachment to vectors was dose-dependent. The laboratory bioassays confirmed that ICIPE 7 has the potential to infect and cause mortality to the three exposed arthropods, though at slower rate, thus requiring further validation under field conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15060449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T06:23:11Z","timestamp":1718259791000},"page":"449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae, Isolate ICIPE 7, against Anopheles arabiensis, Glossina fuscipes, and Rhipicephalus spp."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8383-1384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fedinand","family":"Ong\u2019wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x 20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret Mendi","family":"Njoroge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Fillinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7521-2302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heike","family":"Lutermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x 20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4291-9619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tullu","family":"Bukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Grace, D., Mutua, F., Ochungo, P., Kruska, R., Jones, K., Brierley, L., Lapar, L., Said, M., Herrero, M., and Pham, D.P. (2012). Mapping of Poverty and Likely Zoonoses Hotspots, Department for International Development."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"28132","article-title":"The case for a \u2018one health\u2019 approach to combating vector-borne diseases","volume":"5","author":"Faburay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0648-y","article-title":"Climate change: An enduring challenge for vector-borne disease prevention and control","volume":"21","author":"Dubrow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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