{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T07:25:33Z","timestamp":1785223533705,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2U19AI089680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2U19AI089680"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AI007417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI007417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute","award":["2U19AI089680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2U19AI089680"]}]},{"name":"Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute","award":["T32 AI007417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI007417"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2U19AI089680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2U19AI089680"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AI007417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI007417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the global fight against malaria, standard vector control methods such as indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are intended to protect inside residential structures and sleeping spaces. However, these methods can still leave individuals vulnerable to residual transmission from vectors that they may be exposed to outdoors. Nchelenge District in northern Zambia experiences persistently high malaria transmission even with ITNs and IRS in place. However, very few studies have examined outdoor vector activity. To assess the diversity and abundance of outdoor foraging female anopheline mosquitoes, CDC light traps were used as proxy measures for mosquito host-seeking, set in three outdoor trapping schemes randomly assigned on different nights: (1) locations where people congregate at night outside of the house within the peri-domestic space, (2) animal pens or shelters, and (3) high-human-traffic areas, such as paths to latrines, where traps were baited with BG-Lure\u00ae. A total of 1087 total female anophelines were collected over a total of 74 trap nights. Anopheles funestus s.s. comprised the majority of the collection (86%), with An. gambiae s.s. (2%) and a highly diverse sampling of other anophelines (12%) making up the remainder. Plasmodium falciparum parasites were only detected in An. funestus (1%). No significant difference in species diversity or female anopheline abundance was detected between trapping schemes. Outdoor foraging anopheline mosquitoes, including a number of infectious An. funestus, may partially explain the difficulty of controlling malaria transmission in Nchelenge District, where vector control is only targeted indoors. BG-Lure\u00ae shows some promise as an alternative to human-baited landing catch collections in this resource-poor setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15090656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T07:45:47Z","timestamp":1725003947000},"page":"656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of Anopheline Diversity and Abundance across Outdoor Collection Schemes Utilizing CDC Light Traps in Nchelenge District, Zambia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilinca I.","family":"Ciubotariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Gebhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Sichivula","family":"Lupiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola P.O. Box 71769, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Mbewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola P.O. Box 71769, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mbanga","family":"Muleba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola P.O. Box 71769, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6916-1254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer C.","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Ifakara Health Institute, Bagomoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4631-2777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas E.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-153","article-title":"High burden of malaria following scale-up of control interventions in Nchelenge District, Luapula Province, Zambia","volume":"13","author":"Mukonka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinchoff, J., Chaponda, M., Shields, T.M., Sichivula, J., Muleba, M., Mulenga, M., Kobayashi, T., Curriero, F.C., and Moss, W.J. (2016). 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