{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T06:45:27Z","timestamp":1776494727906,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011508","name":"Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["028219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["028219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011508","name":"Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["029385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["029385"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research into mosquito-borne illnesses faces hurdles because feeding fresh animal blood to rear female mosquitoes presents logistical, economic, and safety challenges. In this study, a shelf-stable additive (spray-dried porcine blood; SDPB) hypothesized to supply accessible hemoglobin was evaluated within an alternative meal (AM) containing whey powder and PBS for rearing the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. LC\u2013MS\/MS proteomics, microbial assays, and particle reduction techniques confirmed and characterized the functionality of hemoglobin in SDPB, while engorgement, fecundity, egg viability, and meal stability bioassays assessed AM performance. Chemical assays supported hemoglobin as the phagostimulant in SDPB with aggregates partially solubilized in the AM that can be more accessible via particle reduction. Unpaired two-tailed t-tests indicate that the AM stimulates oogenesis (t11 = 13.6, p = 0.003) and is stable under ambient (1+ y; t12 = 0.576, p = 0.575) and aqueous (14 d; t12 = 0.515, p = 0.639) conditions without decreasing fecundity. Egg hatch rates for the ninth generation of AM-reared Ae. aegypti were 50\u201370+%. With further development, this meal may serve as a platform for mass rearing or studying effects of nutritional additives on mosquito fitness due to its low cost and stability. Future work may examine tuning spray drying parameters and resulting impacts on hemoglobin agglomeration and feeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15090716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T04:59:54Z","timestamp":1726721994000},"page":"716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characteristics of a Spray-Dried Porcine Blood Meal for Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8148-3676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander R.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, 1030 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3564-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagarajan R.","family":"Rajagopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, 549 Gale Lemerand Drive, P.O. Box 11400, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5618-7690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology & Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip G.","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology & Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9558-041X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"MacIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, 572 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7606-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca W.","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology & Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0286-1798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Batich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, 549 Gale Lemerand Drive, P.O. Box 11400, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2024, January 12). Vector-Borne Diseases: Key Facts. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/vector-borne-diseases."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.129167","article-title":"The Basic Rules and Methods of Mosquito Rearing (Aedes aegypti)","volume":"4","author":"Imam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Styer, L.M., Kent, K.A., Albright, R.G., Bennett, C.J., Kramer, L.D., and Bernard, K.A. (2007). Mosquitoes Inoculate High Doses of West Nile Virus as They Probe and Feed on Live Hosts. 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