{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:46:51Z","timestamp":1789260411135,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University","award":["RSPD2024R984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2024R984"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University","award":["31971427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31971427"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University","award":["RDZH2019003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDZH2019003"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["RSPD2024R984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2024R984"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31971427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31971427"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["RDZH2019003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDZH2019003"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education","award":["RSPD2024R984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2024R984"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education","award":["31971427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31971427"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education","award":["RDZH2019003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDZH2019003"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment","award":["RSPD2024R984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2024R984"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment","award":["31971427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31971427"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment","award":["RDZH2019003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDZH2019003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The melon fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a notorious pest, posing a significant threat to a wide range of fruits and vegetables, leading to substantial agricultural losses worldwide. With growing concerns over chemical pesticide resistance and environmental safety, plant-based insecticides have emerged as eco-friendly and economically sustainable alternatives. In this context, the present study delves into the insecticidal potential of Ricinus communis extracts against B. zonata. The crude extract of R. communis was systematically fractionated using a series of organic solvents with increasing polarities. The fraction demonstrating the highest insecticidal activity was further purified for the isolation of bioactive compounds, employing advanced chromatographic techniques such as Column Chromatography, coupled with state-of-the-art analytical methods including Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Bioassays were conducted on B. zonata using the crude extract and its fractions in n-hexane, methanol, and ethyl acetate. Among the isolated compounds, 11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic acid was identified in both the methanol and ethyl acetate fractions. This compound exhibited remarkable insecticidal efficacy, with an LC50 value of 1.36%, a linearity of R2 = 0.64, and a statistically significant probability (p &lt; 0.01). Particularly, 11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic acid emerged as the most potent bioactive agent against B. zonata highlighting its potential as a natural insecticide. These findings underscore the potential of R. communis as a valuable source of bioactive compounds for the sustainable management of B. cucurbitae. This study not only broadens the scope of plant-based pest control strategies but also opens avenues for further exploration of natural compounds in integrated pest management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15120959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T11:03:08Z","timestamp":1733310188000},"page":"959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Botanical Pesticides: Role of Ricinus communis in Managing Bactrocera zonata (Tephritidae: Diptera)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7561-3600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasheed","family":"Akbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Department of Entomology, Faculty of Physical and Applied Sciences, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22062, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadia","family":"Manzoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Faculty of Physical and Applied Sciences, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22062, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8748-7303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashid","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Faculty of Physical and Applied Sciences, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22062, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gul","family":"Makai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women\u2019s University, Quetta 86400, Balochistan, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8933-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junaid","family":"Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Poonch, Rawalakot 12350, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8759-1146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umer Ayyaz Aslam","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Poonch, Rawalakot 12350, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7112-4922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8023-9561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7512-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafiz Ishfaq","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukhtar","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daolin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jingjiang College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8361-1848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianfan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.12.001","article-title":"Preference and Performance of Peach Fruit Fly (Bactrocera zonata) and Melon Fruit Fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) under Laboratory Conditions","volume":"29","author":"Saeed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. 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