{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T11:24:03Z","timestamp":1787916243393,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]],"date-time":"2024-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Higher Education Commission Indigenous","award":["520-146103-2AV6-119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["520-146103-2AV6-119"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) can infect and kill a diverse range of arthropods, including ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) that can transmit various diseases to animals and humans. Consequently, the use of EPFs as a biocontrol method for managing tick populations has been explored as an alternative to chemical acaricides, which may have harmful effects on the environment and non-target species. This review summarizes studies conducted on EPFs for tick control between 1998 and 2024, identifying 9 different EPF species that have been used against 15 different species of ticks. One of the most well-known and widely researched EPFs used against ticks is Metarhizium anisopliae, a fungus known for its ability to infect and kill various arthropods. When applied to tick-infested areas, M. anisopliae spores attach to the tick\u2019s cuticle, germinate, and penetrate through the cuticle, leading to the eventual death of the tick due to the fungal infection. Whilst a number of studies support the potential of this and other EPF species against ticks, this review suggests that limitations to their effective use may include factors such as heat, humidity, and ultraviolet light (UV-A and UV-B). This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of the literature on the potential of EPFs in tick control, focusing on their mode of action, previous field successes\/failures, advantages, potential applications, and prospects for future practical developments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15121017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T02:39:56Z","timestamp":1734921596000},"page":"1017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Entomopathogenic Fungi as Alternatives to Chemical Acaricides: Challenges, Opportunities and Prospects for Sustainable Tick Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5876-0593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahvish","family":"Rajput","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3863-6480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Sohail","family":"Sajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3507-2605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasir Ahmed","family":"Rajput","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7726-9521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Robert","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reader in Precision Agronomy, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9646-6638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2470-6441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zeeshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Riphah College of Veterinary Science, Riphah International University, Raiwand Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4201-6970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Owais","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conversation and Utilization of Bio-Resource in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bachal","family":"Bhutto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9605-7516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Atiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6048-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafiz Muhammad","family":"Rizwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9600-2654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian Kirimi","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3141-310X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier Andre","family":"Sparagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Management College, College House Campus, Stanley St., Openshaw, Manchester M11 1LE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005967","article-title":"The global importance of 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