{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T12:25:19Z","timestamp":1771071919892,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Ecological Safety and Conservation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Xiong\u2019an New Area) of MOE, China"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gampsocleis gratiosa Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1862, is a type of omnivorous chirping insect with a long history of artificial breeding. It has high economic value and is also an excellent orthopteran model organism. In this study, 12 types of culture media combined with 16S rRNA sequencing were employed to isolate 838 bacterial strains from the gut of G. gratiosa. After sequence comparison, a total of 98 species of bacteria were identified, belonging to 3 phyla, 5 classes, 11 orders, 20 families, and 45 genera. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria accounted for the majority (92.86%). At the order level, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillales, and Lactobacillales predominated (79.59%). At the genus level, Klebsiella (11.22%) and Enterococcus (7.14%) predominated. This study also enumerated the strain morphological, physiological and biochemical properties of 98 species of bacteria, including colony morphology, Gram staining, bacterial motility test, temperature gradient growth, pH gradient growth, citrate utilization test, temperature oxidase test, contact enzyme test, methyl red test, V-P test, indole test, gelatin liquefaction test, nitrate reduction test, hydrogen sulfide test, starch hydrolysis test, cellulose decomposition test, esterase (corn oil) test and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Additionally, 16 antibiotics were utilized to test the bacterial susceptibility of the strains. This study explored the types and community structure of some culturable microorganisms in the intestinal tract of G. gratiosa and recorded their physiological characteristics. These data reflect the physiological functions of the intestinal microorganisms of G. gratiosa and provide support for subsequent research on the interaction mechanism between microorganisms and their hosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16020123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T03:54:27Z","timestamp":1737950067000},"page":"123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Gut Bacteria of Gampsocleis gratiosa (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) by Culturomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2625-6189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhijun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China"},{"name":"Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2006.05.003","article-title":"Uric acid recycling in the shield bug, Parastrachia japonensis (Hemiptera: Parastrachiidae), during diapause","volume":"52","author":"Kashima","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2014.05.016","article-title":"Towards an integrated understanding of gut microbiota using insects as model systems","volume":"69","author":"Pernice","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.12.004","article-title":"Host-intestinal microbiota mutualism: \u201clearning on the fly\u201d","volume":"13","author":"Erkosar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2019.05.032","article-title":"Insights into the molecular phylogeny of Rhaphidophoridae, an ancient, worldwide lineage of Orthoptera","volume":"138","author":"Allegrucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenetics Evol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-5967.12165","article-title":"Transcriptome profile of Chinese bush cricket, Gampsocleis gratiosa: A resource for microsatellite marker development","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S1673-8527(08)60050-8","article-title":"The complete mitogenome of the Chinese bush cricket, Gampsocleis gratiosa (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea)","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2017.01.002","article-title":"Formation of the acrosome complex in the bush cricket Gampsocleis gratiosa (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)","volume":"46","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthropod Struct. Dev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Huang, H., and Che, X. (2022). Bacterial communities in the feces of laboratory reared Gampsocleis gratiosa (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) across different developmental stages and sexes. Insects, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13040361"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., Sun, L., Zhang, S., Wang, S., and Lu, M. (2019). High-resolution profiling of gut bacterial communities in an invasive beetle using PacBio SMRT sequencing system. Insects, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10080248"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, Y., Li, S., Zhang, C., and Zheng, H. (2022). Strain-level profiling with picodroplet microfluidic cultivation reveals host-specific adaption of honeybee gut symbionts. Microbiome, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01333-9"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Sun, L., Xing, X., Sun, Z., Gu, H., Lu, X., Li, Z., and Ren, Q. (2020). Culturing bacteria from fermentation pit muds of Baijiu with culturomics and amplicon-based metagenomic approaches. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01223"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12023","article-title":"Microbial culturomics: Paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study","volume":"18","author":"Lagier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagier, J.C., Khelaifia, S., Alou, M.T., Ndongo, S., Dione, N., and Hugon, P. (2016). Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics. Nat. Microbiol., 1.","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.203"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"193","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of gut bacteria of fruit fly, Bactrocera tau (Walker)","volume":"41","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytopharmaceutica"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3625","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.000466","article-title":"Erwinia iniecta sp. nov., isolated from Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia)","volume":"65","author":"Campillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Huang, J., Wang, Q., You, M., and Xia, X. (2022). Changes in the host gut microbiota during parasitization by parasitic wasp Cotesia vestalis. Insects, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13090760"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, C.C., Srygley, R.B., Healy, F., Swaminath, K., and Mueller, U.G. (2017). Spatial structure of the Mormon cricket gut microbiome and its predicted contribution to nutrition and immune function. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00801"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, X., Zhu, Q., Zhou, Z., Wu, F., Chen, L., Cao, Q., and Shi, F. (2021). Gut bacterial communities across 12 Ensifera (Orthoptera) at different feeding habits and its prediction for the insect with contrasting feeding habits. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250675"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, X., Zhu, Q., Qin, M., Zhou, Z., Liu, C., Wang, L., and Shi, F. (2022). The role of feeding characteristics in shaping gut microbiota composition and function of Ensifera (Orthoptera). Insects, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13080719"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0041-0","article-title":"Culturing the human microbiota and culturomics","volume":"16","author":"Lagier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8493","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9493","article-title":"Harnessing the landscape of microbial culture media to predict new organism-media pairings","volume":"6","author":"Oberhardt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.2.697-703.1991","article-title":"16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study","volume":"173","author":"Weisburg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Dong, X., Zhou, Y., and Zhu, H. (2023). Manual for Systematic Classification and Identification of Common Bacteria and Archaea, Science Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Augustinos, A.A., Tsiamis, G., Caceres, C., Abd-Alla, A.M.M., and Bourtzis, K. (2019). Taxonomy, diet, and developmental stage contribute to the structuring of gut-associated bacterial communities in tephritid pest species. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02004"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05759.x","article-title":"Deep sequencing reveals extensive variation in the gut microbiota of wild mosquitoes from Kenya","volume":"21","author":"Mbogo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12025","article-title":"The gut microbiota of insects\u2014Diversity in structure and function","volume":"37","author":"Engel","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muratore, M., Prather, C., and Sun, Y. (2020). The gut bacterial communities across six grasshopper species from a coastal tallgrass prairie. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228406"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14691","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005963107","article-title":"Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa","volume":"107","author":"Cavalieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-009-9495-y","article-title":"Bacterial succession on the leaf surface: A novel system for studying successional dynamics","volume":"58","author":"Redford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1218344","article-title":"Substrate-controlled succession of marine bacterioplankton populations induced by a phytoplankton bloom","volume":"336","author":"Teeling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12416","article-title":"A high-throughput sequencing ecotoxicology study of freshwater bacterial communities and their responses to tebuconazole","volume":"90","author":"Pascault","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8221","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00293-12","article-title":"Metagenomic characterization of airborne viral DNA diversity in the near-surface atmosphere","volume":"86","author":"Whon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00014-14","article-title":"The rebirth of culture in microbiology through the example of culturomics to study human gut microbiota","volume":"28","author":"Lagier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-112408-085319","article-title":"Cellulolytic systems in insects","volume":"55","author":"Watanabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-012-0199-1","article-title":"Culturable bacterial microbiota of Plagiodera versicolora (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and virulence of the isolated strains","volume":"58","author":"Demirci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690-022-00789-4","article-title":"Isolation, identification and functional characterisation of bacteria associated with gut of wood feeding Stromatium barbatum (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae","volume":"42","author":"Yadav","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2021.101442","article-title":"Biodegradation and discoloration of disperse blue-284 textile dye by Klebsiella pneumoniae GM-04 bacterial isolate","volume":"33","author":"Mustafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"e00665","article-title":"Cellulolytic Bacillus species isolated from the gut of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria","volume":"11","author":"Nelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"2757","article-title":"Classification of antibiotics","volume":"27","author":"Acar","year":"1977","journal-title":"Rev. Prat."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-009-9595-8","article-title":"Robustness of the bacterial community in the cabbage white butterfly larval midgut","volume":"59","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1990-9","article-title":"Evolution-guided discovery of antibiot-ics that inhibit peptidoglycan remodelling","volume":"578","author":"Culp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_349_15","article-title":"Action and resistance mechanisms of antibiotics: A guide for clinicians","volume":"33","author":"Kapoor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anaesthesiol. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-022-01157-1","article-title":"Emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens from farm to table","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/16\/2\/123\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:36:52Z","timestamp":1759919812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/16\/2\/123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["insects16020123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects16020123","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]}}}