{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T14:19:54Z","timestamp":1775312394116,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2025R37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2025R37"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection that recently appeared in Upper Egypt. Globally, more than 50 million new infections occur annually. It currently lacks effective treatment, necessitating vector control strategies targeting Aedes aegypti. This study investigates the potential of chlorophyllin as a control agent against dengue vectors. Chlorophyllin was characterized by FTIR analysis. The singlet oxygen quantum yield was determined by comparing the luminescence intensity at 1270 nm with that of phenalenone, yielding a value of 0.18. LC50 and LC90 values were calculated for chlorophyllin. Its larvicidal efficacy was assessed, revealing an LC50 of 0.47 ppm in controlled laboratories and 93.3 ppm in semi-field conditions, demonstrating its superior potency against Aedes aegypti compared to pheophorbide and Bacillus sphaericus. Genotoxicity was analyzed through Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR, and histopathological changes were documented through microscopic examination. The genotoxicity results revealed high similarity in the DNA configurations of chlorophyllin-treated larvae and healthy individuals (similarity index of 0.8), whereas pheophorbide and Bacillus sphaericus exhibited substantial genetic deviations. Histopathological analysis demonstrated severe disruptions in chlorophyllin-treated larvae\u2019s gut epithelial cells and muscle tissues, including epithelial detachment and irregular cell shapes. These findings position chlorophyllin as a promising gut toxin larvicide for Aedes aegypti control, with a more favorable genetic safety profile than conventional chemicals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16030255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T05:52:16Z","timestamp":1740981136000},"page":"255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Semi-Field Evaluation and Genotoxicity of Chlorophyllin Applied Against Aedes aegypti Larvae (Diptera, Culicidae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Magda H.","family":"Rady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo 15611, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asmaa M.","family":"Ammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo 1181, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Areej A.","family":"Al-Khalaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelwahab","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"May A.","family":"Azzam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayman A.","family":"Abdel-Shafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaimaa M.","family":"Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo 15611, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05912-z","article-title":"Trends in mosquito species distribution modeling: Insights for vector surveillance and disease control","volume":"16","author":"Lippi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wang, M., Huang, M., and Zhao, J. (2024). Innovative strategies and challenges in mosquito-borne disease control amidst climate change. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1488106"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rady, M.H., El-Magd, I.A., Kamal, M., Zaky, A.H., Youssef, E., Dahesh, S., and Yones, M.S. (2024). Potential establishment and prevalence of the dengue vector, Aedes sp., and its risk map in Hurghada region, Red Sea, Egypt. Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. Fish., 28.","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2024.378883"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"456","article-title":"Re-emergence of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) in Egypt under climate changes","volume":"123","author":"Soliman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dryad"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.21608\/jesp.2024.351367","article-title":"Climatic changes increase global disasters of dengue hemorrhagic virus fever: Is Egypt again at dengue risk?","volume":"54","author":"Morsy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2024.100410","article-title":"A comprehensive review on environmental and human health impacts of chemical pesticide usage","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Contam."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2014.09.011","article-title":"Chlorophyll derivatives for pest and disease control: Are they safe?","volume":"50","author":"Azizullah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Kader, M.H., and Eltayeb, T.A. (2014). Photodynamic control of malaria vector, noxious insects, and parasites. Photodynamic Therapy: From Theory to Application, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39629-8"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richter, P.R., Strauch, S.M., Azizullah, A., and H\u00e4der, D.P. (2014). Chlorophyllin as a possible measure against vectors of human parasites and fish parasites. Front. Environ. Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2014.00018"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucantoni, L., Magaraggia, M., Lupidi, G., Ouedraogo, R.K., Coppellotti, O., Esposito, F., Fabris, C., Jori, G., and Habluetzel, A. (2011). Novel meso-substituted cationic porphyrin molecule for photo-mediated larval control of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001434"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025601","DOI":"10.1088\/1612-202X\/ac4591","article-title":"A look at photodynamic inactivation as a tool for pests and vector-borne diseases control","volume":"19","author":"Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laser Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, T., Barros, A.N., Rosa, E., and Antunes, L. (2023). Enhancing health benefits through chlorophylls and chlorophyll-rich agro-food: A comprehensive review. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145344"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"721","article-title":"Chlorophylls as anticarcinogens","volume":"10","author":"Dashwood","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c00584","article-title":"Chlorophyllin-containing copolymers and their responsive properties","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0099","article-title":"Effects of chlorophyll and chlorophyllin on low-dose aflatoxin B1 pharmacokinetics in human volunteers","volume":"2","author":"Jubert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2014.110","article-title":"Using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy to analyze biological materials","volume":"9","author":"Baker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.11.110","article-title":"The effects of biochar and rice husk on adsorption and desorption of cadmium on to soils with different water conditions (upland and saturated)","volume":"193","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13223","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA01280H","article-title":"Fractional dependence of the free energy of activation on the driving force of charge transfer in the quenching of the excited states of substituted phenanthroline homoleptic ruthenium (ii) complexes in aqueous medium","volume":"13","author":"Akl","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Naggar, K., Abdel-Samad, H.S., Ramadan, R.M., El-Khouly, M.E., and Abdel-Shafi, A.A. (2023). Participation of fractional charge transfer on the efficiency of singlet oxygen production: Heteroleptic ruthenium (II) bipyridine derivatives. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem., 436.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2022.114405"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/1010-6030(93)03746-4","article-title":"Phenalenone, a universal reference compound for the determination of quantum yields of singlet oxygen O2 (1\u0394g) sensitization","volume":"79","author":"Schmidt","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12645","article-title":"Larvicidal evaluation of two novel cationic gemini surfactants against the potential vector of West Nile virus Culex pipiens Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"37","author":"Badr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Praulins, G., McDermott, D.P., Spiers, A., and Lees, R.S. (2022). Reviewing the WHO tube bioassay methodology: Accurate method reporting and numbers of mosquitoes are key to producing robust results. Insects, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202203.0350.v1"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elshemy, H.M., Rady, M.H., Adly, E., Khalil, M.M.H., Sayed, H.A.E., and Al-Ashaal, S.A. (2024). Genotoxicity of Chlorophyllin Compared with Other Pesticides Used to Control Culex pipiens Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. Fish., 28.","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2024.367988"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/43.1.45","article-title":"Toxicity index\u2014An improved method of comparing the relative toxicity of insecticides","volume":"43","author":"Sun","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7413.1","article-title":"A DNA extraction protocol for improved DNA yield from individual mosquitoes","volume":"4","author":"Nieman","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-001-0839-3","article-title":"Mapping of the root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus neglectus) resistance gene Rlnn1 in wheat","volume":"104","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5269","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.10.5269","article-title":"Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases","volume":"76","author":"Nei","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5897\/SRE2017.6544","article-title":"Histological changes in the larvae of the domestic mosquito Culex pipiens treated with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana","volume":"13","author":"Farida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Res. Essays"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/18.2.265a","article-title":"A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide","volume":"18","author":"Abbott","year":"1925","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Finney, D.J. (1971). Probit Analysis, Cambridge University Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1955-4624","article-title":"Phyllobilins\u2013Bioactive natural products derived from chlorophyll: Plant origins, structures, absorption spectra, and biomedical properties","volume":"89","author":"Karg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"123","article-title":"Chlorophyll degradation and its physiological function","volume":"65","author":"Tanaka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2011.00958.x","article-title":"Photodynamic treatment of Chaoborus crystallinus larvae with chlorophyllin induces necrosis and apoptosis","volume":"87","author":"Wohllebe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"The potential role of photosensitizers in the fight against mosquitoes: Phototoxicity of rose bengal against Culex pipiens larvae","volume":"38","author":"Younis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Benha Med. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7758","article-title":"Larvicidal activity of the photosensitive insecticides, methylene blue and rose bengal, in Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes","volume":"80","author":"Meier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pest. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Sayed, M.K., El-Shahawi, M.M., Ali, Y.M., Abdel-Haleem, D.R., and El-Azm, F.S. (2023). Synthesis, larvicidal efficiency and molecular docking studies of novel annulated pyrano [2, 3-c] pyrazoles against Culex pipiens L. and Musca domestica L. larvae. Bioorg. Chem., 130.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2022.106258"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.1289\/isee.2013.O-1-12-01","article-title":"New perspectives for the control of mosquito larvae using chlorophyll derivatives as photosensitizers","volume":"25","author":"Erzinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"InISEE Conf. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Jori, G. (2019). Photosensitization: Basic principles. CRC Handbook of Organic Photochemistry and Photobiology, CRC Press. [3rd ed.]. Two Volume Set."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Przygoda, M., Bartusik-Aebisher, D., Dynarowicz, K., Cie\u015blar, G., Kawczyk-Krupka, A., and Aebisher, D. (2023). Cellular mechanisms of singlet oxygen in photodynamic therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316890"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"2615","article-title":"Chlorophyllin derivatives as photosensitizers: Synthesis and photodynamic properties","volume":"26","author":"Uchoa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1553","article-title":"Protocol optimization for genomic DNA extraction and RAPD-PCR in mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"3","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Nasser, E., Hafez, J.A., Badawy, R.M., Rizk, S.A., Hefni, H.H., and Azmy, R.M. (2024). Histopathological alterations in the larvae of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) induced by nanoemulsion of Pimpinella anisum L. essential oil. Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. Fish., 28.","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2024.382137"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.52711\/0974-360X.2024.00212","article-title":"Histopathology of the midgut (longitudinal section) of Aedes aegypti larvae after exposure to kaffir lime leaf extract from Bali, Indonesia","volume":"17","author":"Adrianto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"100997","article-title":"Effect of mosquitocidal, histopathological alteration, and non-target effects of Sigesbeckia orientalis L. on Anopheles stephensi Liston, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Aedes aegypti L","volume":"49","author":"Ragavendran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Natural chlorophyll: A review of analysis methods, health benefits, and stabilization strategies","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/16\/3\/255\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:45:38Z","timestamp":1760028338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/16\/3\/255"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["insects16030255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects16030255","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}}}