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These microenvironments serve as breeding sites for various species of mosquitoes, including some of epidemiological importance. Our objective was to identify the mosquito fauna in these microenvironments and to analyze variations in mosquito fauna diversity between bromeliads, tree holes, and bamboo internodes in Cantareira State Park, S\u00e3o Paulo (CSP), Brazil, where there have been reports of yellow-fever epizootics in non-human primates and circulation of plasmodia. Collections were carried out monthly from February 2015 to April 2017. The bromeliads showed greater mosquito species richness and diversity than the tree holes and bamboo internodes, as well as a very different composition. Of the 11 genera collected and 49 taxa identified, Culex (Carrolia) iridescens, Cx. ocellatus, Cx. (Microculex) imitator, and Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii were the most abundant. The phytotelmata in the CSP showed significant differences in species richness, diversity, and composition and were found to support a diverse mosquito fauna to develop, including An. cruzii and the sylvatic yellow fever virus vector Haemagogus leucocelaenus. The finding of these epidemiologically important species highlights the key role played by phytotelma breeding sites as places of refuge and species maintenance for these vectors in green areas close to urban centers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16040376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T07:47:44Z","timestamp":1743580064000},"page":"376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Species Composition and Ecological Aspects of Immature Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Phytotelmata in Cantareira State Park, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2426-7714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Ceretti-Junior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-904, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9493-8731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Ralph","family":"Medeiros-Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-904, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5958-8601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia Bicudo","family":"de Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-904, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Evangelista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-904, Brazil"},{"name":"Health Surveillance Unit, S\u00e3o Paulo Municipal Secretariat, S\u00e3o Paulo 04262-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0765-6451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina Morales","family":"Barrio-Nuevo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-904, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramon","family":"Wilk-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-904, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2111-7657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Oliveira-Christe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-904, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0312-8777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro Toledo","family":"Marrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-904, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.02.110171.002255","article-title":"Phytotelmata: Biota and community structure determination in plant-held waters","volume":"2","author":"Maguirre","year":"1971","journal-title":"Annu. 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