{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:36:47Z","timestamp":1790771807280,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["IFKSUDR_F142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFKSUDR_F142"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, is a destructive, invasive pest to a diverse range of palm plantations globally. Commonly used broad-range chemical insecticides for insect control pose high risks to non-target organisms, humans, and the environment. A bio-rational approach of screening natural small-molecule inhibitors that specifically target R. ferrugineus proteins critical to its life processes can pave the way for developing novel bioinsecticides. Digestive enzymes (DEs), which impair feeding on plants (herbivory), are promising targets. We generated de novo transcriptomes, annotated DE-related genes from the R. ferrugineus gut and abdomen, manually annotated the DE gene family from the recently available genome and our transcriptome data, and reported 34 glycosidases, 85 lipases, and 201 proteases. We identified several tandem duplicates and allelic variants from the lipase and protease families, notably, 10 RferLip and 21 RferPro alleles, which emerged primarily through indels and single-site substitution. These alleles may confer enhanced digestive lipolysis and proteolysis. Phylogenetic analyses identified and classified different subfamilies of DEs and revealed close evolutionary relationships with other coleopterans. We assessed select candidate DEs\u2019 activity and the potential for inhibition in silico to better understand the herbivory arsenal. In silico analysis revealed that the selected enzymes exhibited similar ligand-binding affinity to their corresponding substrate, except for protease aminopeptidase N, RferPro40, which exhibited poorer affinity to the inhibitor bestatin. Overall, our study serves as a foundation for further functional analysis and offers a novel target for the development of a novel bio-rational insecticide for R. ferrugineus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16040421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:48:46Z","timestamp":1744850926000},"page":"421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of Glycosidases, Lipases, and Proteases from Invasive Asian Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2472-1630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazmi","family":"Harith-Fadzilah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut 22200, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Nihad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Ali","family":"AlSaleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0463-9429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulqader Yaslam","family":"Bazeyad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3938-071X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subash-Babu","family":"Pandurangan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashif","family":"Munawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2208-3794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arya","family":"Vidyawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3297-729X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hattan A.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8907-1627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jernej","family":"Jak\u0161e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnab","family":"Pain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogen Genomics Group, Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah 23955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6292-620X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binu","family":"Antony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-061421-063433","article-title":"Beetle-Bacterial Symbioses: Endless Forms Most Functional","volume":"67","author":"Salem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. 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