{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T17:19:09Z","timestamp":1768670349537,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["32330085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32330085"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["32202376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202376"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["32472631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32472631"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["32302428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32302428"]}]},{"name":"Program of NSFC","award":["32330085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32330085"]}]},{"name":"Program of NSFC","award":["32202376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202376"]}]},{"name":"Program of NSFC","award":["32472631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32472631"]}]},{"name":"Program of NSFC","award":["32302428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32302428"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>New genes play a critical role in phenotypic diversity and evolutionary innovation. Parasitoid wasps, a highly abundant and diverse group of insects, parasitize other arthropods and exhibit remarkable evolutionary adaptations, such as evading host immune responses and exploiting host resources. However, the specific contributions of new genes to their unique traits remain poorly understood. Here, we identified 480 new genes that emerged after the Nasonia-Pteromalus divergence. Among these, 272 (56.7%) originated through DNA-mediated duplication, representing the largest proportion, followed by 77 (16.0%) derived from RNA-mediated duplication and 131 (27.3%) that arose de novo. Comparative analysis revealed that these new genes generally have shorter coding sequences and fewer exons compared to single-copy older genes conserved in the seven parasitoid wasps. These new genes are predominantly expressed in the reproductive glands and exhibit venom gland-biased expression. Notably, gene co-expression network analysis further identified that a new gene may act as a hub by interacting with older genes to regulate venom-related networks rather than directly encoding venom proteins. Together, our findings provide novel insights into the role of new genes in driving venom innovation in parasitoid wasps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16050502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T08:20:53Z","timestamp":1746606053000},"page":"502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genomic Analysis Reveals the Role of New Genes in Venom Regulatory Network of Parasitoid Wasps"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiqiang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7456-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7731-0283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4937-8867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gongyin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0203-0663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinhai","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Advanced Agriculture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1204","article-title":"The origin of new genes: Glimpses from the young and old","volume":"4","author":"Long","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. 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