{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T14:37:52Z","timestamp":1770993472801,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32102214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102214"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFD1400300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1400300"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["32102214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102214"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFD1400300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1400300"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Agriculture Research System of China","award":["32102214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102214"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Agriculture Research System of China","award":["2022YFD1400300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1400300"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gynopara is a specific winged type in the life history of Aphis gossypii. As a key reproduction mode between parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction, it lays sexual females in late autumn. However, little is known about gynoparae because of its rare presence in the wild and the lack of its detailed descriptions. In this study, we investigated the morphological characteristics, ovary maturation process, and key signaling pathways during the development of gynoparae of A. gossypii. With the extension of development stage, the gynoparae exhibited gradually enlarged and thickened abdomen, deepened color. Obviously differentiated wing primordia in the second instar nymphs. Two nested U-shaped zones containing a series of waxy secreta spots were present on the abdomen of the fourth instar nymphs, and these morphological characteristics could be used as important markers for identifying gynoparae. Temporal transcriptomic analysis suggested that juvenile hormone (JH) might be involved in regulating the development of gynoparae. After the application JH analog kinoprene to the first instar nymphs, almost all treated individuals failed to complete wing differentiation, and most lost the ability to produce progeny, suggesting the destructive effect of JH on wing differentiation and reproduction of gynoparae. Moreover, exogenous addition of kinoprene also significantly altered the expression levels of four key genes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of JH. Our findings reveal the mechanism by which JH regulated wing differentiation and reproductive capacity of gynoparae, which lay a foundation for the further research on reproduction mode switch in aphids in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16060559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T20:26:50Z","timestamp":1748204810000},"page":"559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reproduction and Wing Differentiation of Gynoparae Are Regulated by Juvenile Hormone Signaling in Aphis gossypii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Liuyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China"},{"name":"Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingli","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangzhen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China"},{"name":"Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaixin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China"},{"name":"Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China"},{"name":"Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jichao","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junyu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China"},{"name":"Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5435-3985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinjie","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China"},{"name":"Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2021.106967","article-title":"Aphis gossypii\/Aphis frangulae collected worldwide: Microsatellite markers data and genetic cluster assignment","volume":"36","author":"Mistral","year":"2021","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2019.05.013","article-title":"Potential of fungal metabolites as a biocontrol agent against cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover and the possible mechanisms of action","volume":"159","author":"Elbanhawy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toad080","article-title":"Characterizing the vector competence of Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae and Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to transmit cotton leafroll dwarf virus to cotton in the United States","volume":"13","author":"Heilsnis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nam, H.Y., Park, Y., and Lee, J.H. (2019). Population Genetic Structure of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Korea. Insects, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10100319"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.2720","article-title":"Responses of holocyclic and anholocyclic Rhopalosiphum padi populations to low-temperature and short-photoperiod induction","volume":"19","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1042\/BC20070135","article-title":"Shifting from clonal to sexual reproduction in aphids: Physiological and developmental aspects","volume":"100","author":"Hardie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y., Thieme, T., and Kim, H. (2021). Complex evolution in Aphis gossypii group (Hemiptera: Aphididae), evidence of primary host shift and hybridization between sympatric species. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245604"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2011.05242.x","article-title":"Climate effects on life cycle variation and population genetic architecture of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae","volume":"20","author":"Sandrock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emden, H.F., and Harrington, R. (2007). Aphids as Crop Pests, CAB International.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851998190.0000"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.37.010192.001541","article-title":"The evolution of aphid life cycles","volume":"37","author":"Moran","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2307\/2389505","article-title":"Investment in gynoparae and males by Myzus persicae (Sulzer)","volume":"3","author":"Hales","year":"1989","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/phen.12058","article-title":"Chemical aspects of host-acceptance behaviour in the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi: Host-acceptance signals used by different morphs with the same genotype","volume":"39","author":"Nam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2018.05.004","article-title":"A morphological study on autumnal morphs of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae)","volume":"21","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, K.K., Pan, B.Y., Wang, Y.Y., Ren, Q.Q., and Li, C. (2020). Roles of the PTP61F Gene in Regulating Energy Metabolism of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Front. Physiol., 20.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.01071"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Horodyski, F. (1992). Molecular Analysis of an Allatotropin in Manduca Sexta, National Science Foundation."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Yang, L., He, Q., and Zhou, S. (2021). Regulatory Mechanisms of Vitellogenesis in Insects. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 28.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.593613"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2104461118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2104461118","article-title":"Juvenile hormone signaling promotes ovulation and maintains egg shape by inducing expression of extracellular matrix genes","volume":"28","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leyria, J., Benrabaa, S., Nouzova, M., Noriega, F.G., Tose, L.V., Fernandez-Lima, F., Orchard, I., and Lange, A.B. (2022). Crosstalk between Nutrition, Insulin, Juvenile Hormone, and Ecdysteroid Signaling in the Classical Insect Model, Rhodnius prolixus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010007"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen, I.A., Attardo, G.M., Rodriguez, S.D., and Drake, L.L. (2014). Four-way regulation of mosquito yolk protein precursor genes by juvenile hormone-, ecdysone-, nutrient-, and insulin-like peptide signaling pathways. Front. Physiol., 20.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00103"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-020117-043258","article-title":"Regulatory Pathways Controlling Female Insect Reproduction","volume":"7","author":"Roy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2015.08.003","article-title":"Nutritional Control of Insect Reproduction","volume":"1","author":"Smykal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4932","article-title":"Juvenile hormone mediates the positive effects of nitrogen fertilization on weight and reproduction in pea aphid","volume":"74","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3032.1985.tb00020.x","article-title":"The induction of normal and teratoid viviparae by a juvenile hormone and kinoprene in two species of aphids","volume":"10","author":"Hardie","year":"1985","journal-title":"Physiol. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(76)90065-2","article-title":"Wing development and parthenogenesis induced in progenies of kinoprene-treated gynoparae of Aphis fabae and Myzus persicae","volume":"22","author":"Mittler","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.42.1.207","article-title":"Physiology and ecology of dispersal polymorphism in insects","volume":"42","author":"Zera","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6327(1997)35:4<359::AID-ARCH2>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Juvenile hormone as a mediator of plasticity in insect life histories","volume":"35","author":"Dingle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(78)90047-1","article-title":"Factors influencing the production of long-winged Zonocerus variegatus","volume":"24","author":"McCaffery","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2013.02.004","article-title":"Juvenile hormone titer and wing-morph differentiation in the vetch aphid Megoura crassicauda","volume":"59","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2011.01.003","article-title":"In vitro effects of juvenile hormone analog on wing disc morphogenesis under ecdysteroid treatment in the female-wingless bagworm moth Eumeta variegata (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Psychidae)","volume":"43","author":"Niitsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2023.104476","article-title":"Proliferative and preparative cell divisions in wing discs of the last larval instar are regulated by different hormones and determine the size and differentiation of the wing of Bombyx mori","volume":"145","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2017.11.004","article-title":"Endocrine regulation of a dispersal polymorphism in winged insects: A short review","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(81)90059-7","article-title":"Juvenile hormone and photoperiodically controlled polymorphism in Aphis fabae: Prenatal effects on presumptive oviparae","volume":"27","author":"Hardie","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Blackman, R.L., and Eastop, V.F. (2007). Aphids on the World\u2019s Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s42397-021-00083-7","article-title":"Insights into wing dimorphism in worldwide agricultural pest and host-alternating aphid Aphis gossypii","volume":"4","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cotton Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s42397-022-00130-x","article-title":"Comparative transcriptional analysis and identification of hub genes associated with wing differentiation of male in Aphis gossypii","volume":"5","author":"Huangfu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cotton Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5152","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7718","article-title":"Sexually dimorphic morphology, feeding behavior and gene expression profiles in cotton aphid Aphis gossypii","volume":"79","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s42397-024-00201-1","article-title":"Morphological characteristics, developmental dynamics, and gene temporal expressions across various development stages of Aphis gossypii sexual female","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cotton Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3317","article-title":"HISAT: A fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13521","article-title":"Chromosome-level genome assemblies of two cotton-melon aphid Aphis gossypii biotypes unveil mechanisms of host adaption","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3122","article-title":"StringTie enables improved reconstruction of a transcriptome from RNA-seq reads","volume":"33","author":"Pertea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/14.9.755","article-title":"Profile hidden Markov models","volume":"14","author":"Eddy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Love, M.I., Huber, W., and Anders, S. (2014). Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/iew003","article-title":"Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for the Normalization of Gene Expression Data in qRT-PCR Analysis in Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1603\/AN09166","article-title":"Molecular and Morphological Identification of the Soybean Aphid and Other Aphis Species on the Primary Host Rhamnus davurica in Asia","volume":"103","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-023-03749-x","article-title":"Growth, Reproduction, and Transgenerational Effects of Kinoprene on Moina macrocopa","volume":"110","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyu, Z.H., Li, Z.X., Cheng, J., Wang, C.Y., Chen, J.X., and Lin, T. (2019). Suppression of Gene Juvenile Hormone Diol Kinase Delays Pupation in Heortia vitessoides Moore. Insects, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10090278"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2017.01.001","article-title":"Depletion of juvenile hormone esterase extends larval growth in Bombyx mori","volume":"81","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107182","article-title":"FoxO and rotund form a binding complex governing wing polyphenism in planthoppers","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-5967.12621","article-title":"RNAi-mediated knockdown of juvenile hormone esterase causes mortality and malformation in Tribolium castaneum","volume":"52","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11756-022-01150-3","article-title":"Silencing of juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase gene in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by oral delivery of double-stranded RNA","volume":"78","author":"Sarkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485317000293","article-title":"RNA interference-mediated knockdown of some genes involved in digestion and development of Helicoverpa armigera","volume":"107","author":"Vatanparast","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5617","article-title":"Enzymes in the juvenile hormone biosynthetic pathway can be potential targets for pest control","volume":"76","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15233","article-title":"Molecular cloning and expression pattern of the juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase gene from the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii during larval development and the moult cycle","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.280008.124","article-title":"Transcriptomic and proteomic effects of gene deletion are not evolutionarily conserved","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genome Res."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/16\/6\/559\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:40:03Z","timestamp":1760031603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/16\/6\/559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["insects16060559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects16060559","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]]}}}