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Understanding eclosion timing may offer insights into circadian mechanisms underlying migratory timing. Here, we characterize the diel and circadian patterns of eclosion and core clock gene expression in the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, a globally distributed migratory moth. Using a custom-designed eclosion monitoring system under 14 h light: 10 h dark (L14: D10) and constant darkness (DD) conditions, we observed robust diel eclosion rhythms peaking shortly after lights-off under L14: D10, which became delayed and damped over three consecutive days in DD. Males showed a tendency toward more dispersed emergence patterns and exhibited statistically distinguishable eclosion distributions from females under both conditions. Expression of five canonical clock genes (cyc, clk, tim, per, cry2) displayed significant 24 h rhythmicity, with generally higher mesors in males. However, sex-specific differences in amplitude and phase were detected only for clk and cyc under L14: D10, not in DD. These findings suggest that sex-specific differences in circadian regulation are limited. Nonetheless, subtle variations in clock gene output and emergence timing in the FAW population established in China may contribute to sex-specific ecological strategies in the novel migratory arena.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16070705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T13:44:19Z","timestamp":1752241459000},"page":"705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Diel and Circadian Eclosion Rhythms and Clock Gene Expression Between Sexes in the Migratory Moth Spodoptera frugiperda"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2941-0022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changning","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2447-6922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viacheslav V.","family":"Krylov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok 152742, Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Health Education, Cherepovets State University, Cherepovets 162600, Vologda Oblast, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2079-0798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yumeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9831-999X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4523-6546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weidong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1000-5687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0770-8090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fajun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7011-1318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guijun","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387690-4.00005-2","article-title":"Molecular genetic analysis of circadian timekeeping in Drosophila","volume":"74","author":"Hardin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. 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