{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T09:10:46Z","timestamp":1771578646837,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Department of Education Youth Science and Technology Talents Growth Project","award":["Qian jiao ji [2024] 264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qian jiao ji [2024] 264"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the physiological regulatory mechanisms by which exogenous trehalose intake enhances the adaptation of the global stored-grain pest T. castaneum to high-concentration carbon dioxide (CO2) stress. By supplementing exogenous trehalose under high-CO2 controlled atmosphere stress, we measured the activities of key detoxification enzymes (e.g., carboxylesterase and cytochrome P450) and the levels of carbohydrate substances (e.g., glycogen, glucose, and trehalose). The results demonstrated that trehalose feeding significantly alleviated CO2 induced mortality in T. castaneum and prolonged their survival time. In terms of detoxification metabolism, a trehalose-rich diet significantly reduced the activities of cytochrome P450 and carboxylesterase, while the glucose content in the beetles decreased markedly. These findings indicate that trehalose accumulation mitigates physiological damage caused by high-CO2 stress in T. castaneum. Furthermore, exogenous trehalose intake did not disrupt carbohydrate metabolic homeostasis in the beetles, as trehalase activity and the levels of various carbohydrates remained relatively stable. This study elucidates the role of trehalose metabolism in T. castaneum\u2019s adaptation to high-CO2 environments, providing a theoretical foundation for optimizing controlled atmosphere grain storage technology and developing novel pest control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16080768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T10:51:14Z","timestamp":1753699874000},"page":"768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physiological Response of Tribolium castaneum to CO2 Controlled Atmosphere Stress Under Trehalose Feeding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuya","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"School of Food Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564507, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shangrong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liwen","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanfei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564507, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18540","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2063-6","article-title":"Changes in the nutritional composition of maize flour due to Tribolium castaneum infestation and application of carbon dioxide to manage this pest","volume":"25","author":"Mehmood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. 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