{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:09:12Z","timestamp":1790395752734,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","award":["SRUG2203311457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRUG2203311457"]}]},{"name":"Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria","award":["SRUG2203311457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRUG2203311457"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa","award":["SRUG2203311457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRUG2203311457"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in Angola, particularly in Cuando Cubango province. This study aimed to characterize the local Anopheles mosquito population, evaluate the impact of indoor residual spraying (IRS) on key entomological indicators, and assess the community knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to malaria and vector control. Mosquito collections were conducted indoors at three sites over five months using CDC light traps and Prokopack aspirators. Ten Anopheles species were identified, with An. funestus s.s. being the predominant vector, accounting for 91.7% of the Funestus group. The overall Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) infection rate was 9.2%, with Makua exhibiting the highest rate (10.2%). Following IRS, the indoor resting density of the Funestus group decreased significantly in Makua and Agostinho Neto. In Makua, An. funestus s.s. CSP infection rates decreased by 55% following IRS implementation; however, this reduction was not statistically significant. Knockdown resistance mutations were detected in An. arabiensis and An. gambiae s.s. The 2020\/2021 IRS campaign achieved 95% spray coverage and reached 421,856 individuals. Complementary KAP surveys with 647 households showed that 87% of respondents correctly identified mosquitoes as malaria vectors, 78% recognized key symptoms, and 89% supported continued IRS. Reported adherence to post-IRS precautions exceeded 70% and preference for IRS over ITN was expressed by most households. These findings highlight both biological and social dimensions of malaria control, demonstrating that vector control, community acceptance, and entomological surveillance are essential for effective and sustainable malaria interventions in Cuando Cubango.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16090892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T14:43:18Z","timestamp":1756219398000},"page":"892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterization of Anopheles Species and Entomological Indicators Following Indoor Residual Spraying Campaign in Cuando Cubango, Angola"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Domingos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Control Programme Ministry of Health, Luanda, Angola"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2025-5516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Direito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MENTOR Initiative, Haywards Heath RH16 1PG, UK"},{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa UNL, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2845-6686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MENTOR Initiative, Haywards Heath RH16 1PG, UK"},{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa UNL, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"M\u00e1quina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SADC Malaria Elimination Eight Secretariat, Windhoek, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cani P.","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Control Programme Ministry of Health, Luanda, Angola"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 F.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Control Programme Ministry of Health, Luanda, Angola"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4236-6345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizette L.","family":"Koekemoer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa"},{"name":"Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8973-948X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MENTOR Initiative, Haywards Heath RH16 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luzala","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Control Programme Ministry of Health, Luanda, Angola"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024). 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