{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:47:02Z","timestamp":1760060822139,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","award":["P1-0255","P1-0236","Z1-8143","J1-9163","J1-50015","J1-60005","IOS-1656460","4-EHPVRMK [2021,2022,2023,2024]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0255","P1-0236","Z1-8143","J1-9163","J1-50015","J1-60005","IOS-1656460","4-EHPVRMK [2021,2022,2023,2024]"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation (USA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P1-0255","P1-0236","Z1-8143","J1-9163","J1-50015","J1-60005","IOS-1656460","4-EHPVRMK [2021,2022,2023,2024]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0255","P1-0236","Z1-8143","J1-9163","J1-50015","J1-60005","IOS-1656460","4-EHPVRMK [2021,2022,2023,2024]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS)","award":["P1-0255","P1-0236","Z1-8143","J1-9163","J1-50015","J1-60005","IOS-1656460","4-EHPVRMK [2021,2022,2023,2024]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0255","P1-0236","Z1-8143","J1-9163","J1-50015","J1-60005","IOS-1656460","4-EHPVRMK [2021,2022,2023,2024]"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among terrestrial animals, spiders exhibit the most striking examples of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) but better understanding of its evolution requires improved taxonomy and phylogeny. Many sexually dimorphic spiders lack adequate description, phylogenetic placement, and natural history observations. In South Africa, we documented the natural history of a poorly known spider, Megaraneus gabonensis (Lucas, 1858), with extreme, female-biased SSD (eSSD, female:male approximately 4:1). Here, we redescribe M. gabonensis, place Megaraneus Lawrence, 1968 phylogenetically for the first time, assess whether the observed eSSD represents an independent evolutionary origin, and test whether the macroevolutionary pattern is better explained by male dwarfism or female gigantism. The recovered phylogenetic placement of Megaraneus in the araneid \u2018backobourkiines\u2019, a clade previously considered as restricted to East Asia and Australasia, extends the range of this clade to the Afrotropics. We find that eSSD was present in the common ancestor of the \u2018backobourkiines\u2019, with further increases in female body length occurring independently in Megaraneus, Backobourkia Framenau, Dup\u00e9rr\u00e9, Blackledge &amp; Vink, 2010, and the currently misplaced Parawixia dehaani (Doleschall, 1859). We conclude that the evolution of eSSD reflects a complex pattern of sex-specific size changes across spider phylogeny, but that in Megaraneus it results from female gigantism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16100992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:39:42Z","timestamp":1758710382000},"page":"992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Size Evolution in the Spider Genus Megaraneus Lawrence, 1968 (Araneae: Araneidae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5729-2943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klemen","family":"\u010candek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4263-6432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Turk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0623-1622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"de Souza Castanheira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7321-3977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuang-Ping","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4882-4282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matja\u017e","family":"Gregori\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jovan Had\u017ei Institute of Biology, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Postgraduate School ZRC SAZU, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7724-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volker W.","family":"Framenau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA 6986, Australia"},{"name":"Zoological Museum Hamburg, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Centre for Taxonomy & Morphology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4548-7927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingi","family":"Agnarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland"},{"name":"Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20024, USA"},{"name":"Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0057-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matja\u017e","family":"Kuntner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Jovan Had\u017ei Institute of Biology, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20024, USA"},{"name":"Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011019-025032","article-title":"Sexual Size Dimorphism: Evolution and Perils of Extreme Phenotypes in Spiders","volume":"65","author":"Kuntner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. 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