{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T12:40:35Z","timestamp":1760704835847,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003827","name":"National Research Development and Innovation Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD 138329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD 138329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyandry influences sexual behaviour and supports sexual selection in moths, incl. Noctuids. In polyandry, a female mates with multiple males within a few days. Copulation is a multi-phase process, as sperm are packed into spermatophores and transferred to the female genitalia. This process is costly, since spermatophore production and transfer is time-consuming. When this process is repeated, it results in sexual selection and enhances heterozygosity. Pest and migrating Noctuids are often polyandrous. Polyandry is common in the \u201cpest clade\u201d of Noctuidae (e.g., Euxoa, Dichagyris). We hypothesised that the asymmetric allocation of sensory and stimulating functions on the genitalia enhance sexual selection and promote speciation. In polyandrous species of the subtribe Poliina, we show that the evolution of the secondary asymmetry of male external genitalia is connected to an increase in species diversity. Some species inhabiting temperate forests were found to be moderately (Orthosia) or highly (Conistra) polyandrous, in connection with their different life cycles and despite similar reproductive timing. Based on fecundity data of some common species, we hypothesised that habitat generalists should be more polyandrous than habitat specialists. However, our data are insufficient to determine whether ecology and\/or phylogeny influence the level of polyandry. Other factors, such as the connection between the sex ratio and the level of polyandry, should be surveyed in future studies, considering their relevance to plant protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16101063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T11:39:34Z","timestamp":1760701174000},"page":"1063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polyandry in Noctuid Moths: Taxonomic, Bionomic, and Evolutionary Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Varga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"HUN-REN-DE Conservation Biology Research Group, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1304-817X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antal","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science and Environmental Management, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Debrecen, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Csenge Lelle","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science and Environmental Management, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Debrecen, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2642-9839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szabolcs","family":"Szanyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science and Environmental Management, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Debrecen, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2014.04.005","article-title":"Polyandry in Nature: A Global Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. 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