{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T03:58:43Z","timestamp":1790308723777,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cSecretar\u00eda de Ciencia y T\u00e9cnica de la Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba\u201d","award":["Resol-2023-266-E-UNC-SECYT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Resol-2023-266-E-UNC-SECYT"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"\u201cAgencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PICT N\u00b0 2019\u20131884"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT N\u00b0 2019\u20131884"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the dispersal capacity of Triatoma infestans, the main vector of Chagas disease in South America, is vital for vector control and managing recolonization after insecticide use. This study compares the seasonal frequency of melanic and non-melanic T. infestans morphs in Northwestern C\u00f3rdoba Province, Argentina, and examines their association with environmental variables, morphometric traits, nutritional status, and flight capacity. Insects were collected at the beginning and end of the warm season. Dorsal coloration, morphometric traits, nutritional status, flight-related indices, climatic variables, and vegetation cover were recorded. Chromatic morph frequencies were analyzed using chi-square tests. Biological predictors were identified through multi-model inference, and environmental associations explored with Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Melanic individuals decreased from early to late warm season, especially males. Wing loading correlated strongly with morphotype, being higher in non-melanic forms. Pronotum size were also a significant predictor. Nutritional status had no clear effect. Cattle pasture cover and rainfall influenced morph frequency, mainly in males. These results reveal a complex interaction between phenotypic and environmental factors shaping color morph variation, highlighting the importance of understanding these dynamics to optimize vector surveillance and control in areas prone to reinfestation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16111103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T17:38:22Z","timestamp":1761759502000},"page":"1103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Environmental and Dispersal-Related Drivers of Color Morph Distribution in Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Erika V.","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra Morfolog\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Avenida V\u00e9lez Sarsfield 299, C\u00f3rdoba X5000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2173-4305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico G.","family":"Fiad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra Morfolog\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Avenida V\u00e9lez Sarsfield 299, C\u00f3rdoba X5000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisel V.","family":"Gigena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra Morfolog\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Avenida V\u00e9lez Sarsfield 299, C\u00f3rdoba X5000, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (IIBYT-CONICET), C\u00f3rdoba X5000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7314-6172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana G.","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra Morfolog\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Avenida V\u00e9lez Sarsfield 299, C\u00f3rdoba X5000, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (IIBYT-CONICET), C\u00f3rdoba X5000, Argentina"},{"name":"C\u00e1tedra Introducci\u00f3n a la Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Avenida V\u00e9lez Sarsfield 299, C\u00f3rdoba X5000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3198-6039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romina V.","family":"Piccinali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda, Gen\u00e9tica y Evoluci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente G\u00fciraldes 2160, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires B1428, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda, Gen\u00e9tica y Evoluci\u00f3n de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires B1428, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0809-3507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Laura","family":"Carbajal-de-la-Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Diagn\u00f3stico e Investigaci\u00f3n en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Administraci\u00f3n Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud \u201cDr. Carlos Malbr\u00e1n\u201d (ANLIS), Avenida Paseo Col\u00f3n 568, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires B1063, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires C1040, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia S.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra Morfolog\u00eda Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Avenida V\u00e9lez Sarsfield 299, C\u00f3rdoba X5000, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (IIBYT-CONICET), C\u00f3rdoba X5000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1299-8627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julieta","family":"Nattero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda, Gen\u00e9tica y Evoluci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente G\u00fciraldes 2160, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires B1428, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda, Gen\u00e9tica y Evoluci\u00f3n de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires B1428, Argentina"},{"name":"Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biolog\u00eda Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente G\u00fciraldes 2160, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires B1428, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alevi, K.C.C., Oliveira, J., Rocha, D.S., and Galv\u00e3o, C. (2021). Trends in taxonomy of Chagas disease vectors (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae): From Linnaean to integrative taxonomy. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10121627"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"FIOCRUZ (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Instituto Oswaldo Cruz) (2025). National and International Reference Laboratory in Triatomine Taxonomy, Biological Collection, FIOCRUZ (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Instituto Oswaldo Cruz). Available online: https:\/\/www.ioc.fiocruz.br\/en\/lnirtt?num_for=2."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization) (2025, September 10). Chagas Disease, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/chagas-disease#:~:text=Chagas%20disease%2C%20also%20known%20as,cruzi."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180071","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.71","article-title":"DataTri, a database of American triatomine species occurrence","volume":"5","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.46471\/gigabyte.62","article-title":"American triatomine species occurrences: Updates and novelties in the DataTri database","volume":"31","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gigabyte"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12198","article-title":"Active dispersal of Triatoma infestans and other triatomines in the Argentinean arid Chaco before and after vector control interventions","volume":"41","author":"Abrahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villaseca, C., M\u00e9ndez, M.A., Pinto, C.A., Lemic, D., and Ben\u00edtez, H.A. (2021). Unraveling the morphological variation of Triatoma infestans in the peridomestic habitats of Chuquisaca Bolivia: A geometric morphometric approach. Insects, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12020185"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.09.011","article-title":"The future of Chagas disease control","volume":"22","author":"Schofield","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000900009","article-title":"Sustainability of vector control strategies in the Gran Chaco Region: Current challenges and possible approaches","volume":"104","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas de Arias, A., Messenger, L.A., Rolon, M., Vega, M.C., Acosta, N., Villalba, C., and Marcet, P.L. (2022). Dynamics of Triatoma infestans populations in the Paraguayan Chaco: Population genetic analysis of household reinfestation following vector control. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263465"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105292","article-title":"Reinfestation with Triatoma infestans despite vigilance efforts in the municipality of Saipina, Santa Cruz, Bolivia: Situational description two months after fumigation","volume":"203","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0530-2020","article-title":"Residual foci of Triatoma infestans infestation: Surveillance and control in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2001\u20132018","volume":"54","author":"Bedin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49891997000400003","article-title":"The role of the peridomiciliary area in the elimination of Triatoma infestans from rural Argentine communities","volume":"11","author":"Cecere","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(99)00039-X","article-title":"Feeding frequency and nutritional status of peridomestic populations of Triatoma infestans from Argentina","volume":"73","author":"Crocco","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107307","article-title":"Pyrethroid resistance distribution in Triatoma infestans and environmental association along the Argentine endemic zone","volume":"257","author":"Fronza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru205","article-title":"Experimental control of Triatoma infestans in poor rural villages of Bolivia through community participation","volume":"109","author":"Lardeux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20180357","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0357-2018","article-title":"Factors associated with the presence of triatomines in rural areas of south Argentine Chaco","volume":"52","author":"Crocco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.803","article-title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of reinfestation by Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) following insecticide spraying in a rural community in northwestern Argentina","volume":"71","author":"Cecere","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clobert, J., Baguette, M., Benton, T.G., and Bullock, J.M. (2012). Multicausality of dispersal: A review. Dispersal Ecology and Evolution, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199608898.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renault, D. (2020). A review of the phenotypic traits associated with insect dispersal polymorphism, and experimental designs for sorting out resident and disperser phenotypes. Insects, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11040214"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00637.x","article-title":"Seasonal variations in active dispersal of natural populations of Triatoma infestans in rural north-western Argentina","volume":"20","author":"Ceballos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762011000200019","article-title":"Dispersal of Triatoma infestans and other triatominae species in the arid Chaco of Argentina\u2014Flying, walking or passive carriage?","volume":"106","author":"Abrahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.1993.tb01203.x","article-title":"The effect of adult population density on flight initiation in Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)","volume":"116","author":"McEwen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx109","article-title":"Seasonality and temperature-dependent flight dispersal of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and other vectors of Chagas disease in Western Argentina","volume":"54","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105345","article-title":"Active dispersal in Triatoma infestans (Klug,1834) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae): Effects of nutritional status, the presence of a food source and the toxicological phenotype","volume":"204","author":"Lobbia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9703","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703601104","article-title":"Mother\u2013offspring competition promotes colonization success","volume":"104","author":"Cote","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.42.1.207","article-title":"Physiology and ecology of dispersal polymorphism in insects","volume":"42","author":"Zera","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0249-2015","article-title":"Can body traits, other than wings, reflect the flight ability of Triatominae bugs?","volume":"48","author":"Dujardin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690-019-00092-9","article-title":"Morphological changes associated with brachypterous Triatoma guasayana (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and their relationship with flight","volume":"40","author":"Espinoza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribak, G., Barkan, S., Soroker, V., and Gurka, R. (2017). The aerodynamics of flight in an insect flight-mill. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186441"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40462-022-00340-7","article-title":"Sex specificity of dispersal behaviour and flight morphology varies among tree hollow beetle species","volume":"10","author":"Galante","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0253","article-title":"Phenotypic variability and population structure of peridomestic Triatoma infestans in rural areas of the arid Chaco (Western Argentina): Spatial influence of macro-and microhabitats","volume":"11","author":"Abrahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.06.014","article-title":"Phenotypic plasticity in response to food source in Triatoma infestans (Klug 1834) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae: Triatominae)","volume":"19","author":"Nattero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.11.012","article-title":"Temporal variations of fluctuating asymmetry in wing size and shape of Triatoma infestans populations from northwest Argentina","volume":"56","author":"Nattero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nattero, J., Piccinali, R.V., Fiad, F.G., Cano, F., and Carbajal de la Fuente, A.L. (2023). Relationship between flight muscle dimorphism and wing morphometry in Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Front. Ecol. Evol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2023.1211219"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106488","article-title":"Ecomorphological variation of the Triatoma guasayana wing shape in semi-arid Chaco region","volume":"232","author":"Fiad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06258-w","article-title":"Association between environmental gradient of anthropization and phenotypic plasticity in two species of triatomines","volume":"17","author":"Fiad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05570-7","article-title":"Phenotypic variability in traits related to flight dispersal in the wing dimorphic species Triatoma guasayana","volume":"16","author":"Gigena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verly, T., Fiad, F.G., Carbajal-de-la-Fuente, A.L., Pita, S., Piccinali, R.V., Lobbia, P.A., S\u00e1nchez Casaccia, P., Rojas de Arias, A., and Cavallo, M.J. (2025). Bug off or bug out: Mapping flight secrets of Triatoma garciabesi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) through climate, geography, and greenery. Front. Insect Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/finsc.2025.1532298"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107239","article-title":"Variety is the spice: The role of morphological variation of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) at a macro-scale","volume":"256","author":"Piccinali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06211-x","article-title":"Relationship between genetic diversity and morpho-functional characteristics of flight-related traits in Triatoma garciabesi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)","volume":"17","author":"Verly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2003.09.006","article-title":"Insect melanism: The molecules matter","volume":"18","author":"True","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130584","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0584","article-title":"More than a colour change: Insect melanism, disease resistance and fecundity","volume":"280","author":"Dubovskiy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1968.tb03985.x","article-title":"Adaptive significance of pigment polymorphism in Colias butterflies. I: Variation of melanin in relation to thermoregulation","volume":"22","author":"Watt","year":"1968","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.199.12.2655","article-title":"Differences in thermal balance, body temperature and activity between non-melanic and melanic two-spot ladybird beetles (Adalia bipunctata) under controlled conditions","volume":"199","author":"Gussekloo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90161-X","article-title":"Trapping sylvatic triatominae (Reduviidae) in hollow trees","volume":"93","author":"Noireau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90426-7","article-title":"Natural ecotopes of Triatoma infestans dark morph and other sylvatic triatomines in the Bolivian Chaco","volume":"94","author":"Noireau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0530","article-title":"First finding of melanic sylvatic Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) colonies in the Argentine Chaco","volume":"46","author":"Ceballos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.25085\/rsea.780307","article-title":"First record of domestic colonies of the dark chromatic variant of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)","volume":"78","author":"Lobbia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3912-y","article-title":"Characterization of melanic and non-melanic forms in domestic and peridomestic populations of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)","volume":"13","author":"Nattero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"479","article-title":"Una nueva subespecie Argentina de Triatoma infestans","volume":"4","author":"Olmedo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chagas"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761999000700037","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA variation of Triatoma infestans populations and its implication on the specific status of T. melanosoma","volume":"94","author":"Monteiro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.11.007","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection and vector control activities in rural communities of the southern Gran Chaco (Argentina)","volume":"113","author":"Moreno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762012000200013","article-title":"Exploring the association between Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural communities and environmental changes in the southern Gran Chaco","volume":"107","author":"Moreno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106158","article-title":"Triatominae of the semi-arid Chaco in Central Argentina","volume":"224","author":"Cardozo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.024","article-title":"Origins of Chagas disease: Didelphis species are natural hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi I and armadillos hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi II, including hybrids","volume":"35","author":"Yeo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/avsc.12369","article-title":"Native woody vegetation in central Argentina: Classification of Chaco and Espinal forests","volume":"21","author":"Cabido","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Cabido, M.R., and Zak, M.R. (1999). Vegetaci\u00f3n del Norte de C\u00f3rdoba, Secretar\u00eda de Agricultura y Recursos Renovables de la Provincia de C\u00f3rdoba, Agencia C\u00f3rdoba Ambiente."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud de la Naci\u00f3n (2025, September 10). Gu\u00eda para el Control Vectorial de la Enfermedad de Chagas. Available online: https:\/\/www.argentina.gob.ar\/sites\/default\/files\/2021\/07\/guia_vectorial_chagas.pdf."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"123","article-title":"Revision of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae), and their significance as vectors of Chagas disease","volume":"163","author":"Lent","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12853","article-title":"Patternize: An R package for quantifying colour pattern variation","volume":"9","author":"Papa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.05.010","article-title":"Feeding rates, nutritional status and fight dispersal potential of peridomestic populations of Triatoma infestans in rural northwestern Argentina","volume":"95","author":"Ceballos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300013687","article-title":"Flight initiation in Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)","volume":"72","author":"Lehane","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.138.1.271","article-title":"Wing shape and flight behavior in butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea): A preliminary analysis","volume":"138","author":"Betts","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170191","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.191","article-title":"Terraclimate, a high-resolution global dataset of monthly climate and climatic water balance from 1958\u20132015","volume":"5","author":"Abatzoglou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.01028","article-title":"Geographical distribution, climatic variability and thermo-tolerance of Chagas disease vectors","volume":"38","author":"Medone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762013000300012","article-title":"Climatic factors influencing triatomine occurrence in Central-West Brazil","volume":"108","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"McGarigal, K., Cushman, S.A., and Ene, E. (2025, October 23). FRAGSTATS v4: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical Maps (Version 4). Available online: https:\/\/www.fragstats.org."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"R Core Team (2024). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuur, A., Ieno, E.N., Walker, N., Saveliev, A.A., and Smith, G.M. (2009). Mixed-Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-87458-6"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Oksanen, J., Simpson, G., Blanchet, F., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P., O\u2019Hara, R., Solymos, P., Stevens, M., and Szoecs, E. (2025, October 23). Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R Package Version 2.6-10. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=vegan."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0507","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of flight muscle development in Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)","volume":"46","author":"Gurevitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.08.002","article-title":"Genetic structure of Triatoma infestans populations in rural communities of Santiago del Estero, northern Argentina","volume":"8","author":"Marcet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11176","article-title":"Microgeographic spatial structuring of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) populations using wing geometric morphometry in the argentine Chaco","volume":"49","author":"Gaspe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.107010","article-title":"Population structure and migration in Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from the Argentine Chaco: An integration of genetic and morphometric data","volume":"247","author":"Piccinali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.1994.tb00728.x","article-title":"Relationships between flight initiation and oviposition in Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hem., Reduviidae)","volume":"117","author":"McEwen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(92)90004-H","article-title":"The role of temperature and nutritional dependence in the flight initiation of Triatoma infestans","volume":"52","author":"Lehane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761998000600002","article-title":"An investigation on the ecology of Triatoma vitticeps (Stal, 1859) and its possible role in the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, in the locality of Triunfo, Santa Maria Madalena municipal district, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"93","author":"Dias","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.12.005","article-title":"Take-off activity and orientation of triatomines (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) in relation to the presence of artificial lights","volume":"97","author":"Minoli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.2.143","article-title":"Flight initiation of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) under natural climatic conditions","volume":"43","author":"Gurevitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Telleria, J., and Tibayrenc, M. (2010). Biology of triatominae. American Trypanosomiasis: Chagas Disease One Hundred Years of Research, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2010.02442.x","article-title":"Influence of the landscape on dispersal of sylvatic triatomines to anthropic habitats in the Atlantic Forest","volume":"38","author":"Leite","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-7590.2004.03740.x","article-title":"Modelling species distributions in Britain: A hierarchical integration of climate and land-cover data","volume":"27","author":"Pearson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2006.00262.x","article-title":"The role of land cover in bioclimatic models depends on spatial resolution","volume":"16","author":"Luoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1177\/030913339501900403","article-title":"Predictive vegetation mapping: Geographic modelling of biospatial patterns in relation to environmental gradients","volume":"19","author":"Franklin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geog."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1466-822X.2003.00042.x","article-title":"Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of species: Are bioclimatic envelope models useful?","volume":"12","author":"Pearson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazquez-Prokopec, G.M., Spillmann, C., Zaidenberg, M., G\u00fcrtler, R.E., and Kitron, U. (2012). Spatial heterogeneity and risk maps of community infestation by Triatoma infestans in rural Northwestern Argentina. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001788"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmona-Galindo, V.D., Sheppard, C.C., Bastin, M.L., Kehrig, M.R., Mar\u00edn-Recinos, M.F., Choi, J.J., and Casta\u00f1eda de Abrego, V. (2021). Chromatic and morphological differentiation of Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) with land use diversity in El Salvador. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060753"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06849-1","article-title":"Association between landscape transformation and the Chagas disease vector dynamics in a rural area with continuous surveillance and control","volume":"18","author":"Sandon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132419","article-title":"Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity","volume":"34","author":"Fahrig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Whitmore, T.C., and Sayer, J.A. (1992). Habitat alteration and species loss in Brazilian forests. Tropical Deforestation and Species Extinction, Chapman and Hall."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0041","article-title":"Association of anthropogenic land use change and increased abundance of the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius pallescens in a rural landscape of Panama","volume":"84","author":"Gottdenker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majerus, M.E.N. (1998). Melanism: Evolution in Action, Oxford Academic.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198549833.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(75)90225-5","article-title":"The biology of the black larval mutant of the tobacco hornworm","volume":"21","author":"Safranek","year":"1975","journal-title":"Manduca sexta. J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.12.001","article-title":"Dispersion capacity of Triatoma sherlocki, Triatoma juazeirensis and laboratory-bred hybrids","volume":"122","author":"Almeida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/34.5.544","article-title":"Metric differences between sylvatic and Triatoma infestans (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) in Bolivia","volume":"34","author":"Dujardin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1998.11813283","article-title":"Morphometrics of domestic Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus in Bolivia","volume":"92","author":"Dujardin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez Casaccia, P., Carbajal-de-la-Fuente, A.L., Rojas-de-Arias, A., Piccinali, R.V., and Nattero, J. (2019). Use of colorimetric analysis to study the origin of reinfestant Triatoma infestans in a rural community of the Paraguayan Chaco. II Congress of the Latin American Society for Vector Ecology, Available online: https:\/\/congresos.unlp.edu.ar\/lasove\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2023\/03\/ABSTRACT-BOOK-LA-SOVE-2022_final-version.pdf."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rol\u00f3n, M., Vega, M.C., Rom\u00e1n, F., G\u00f3mez, A., and Rojas de Arias, A. (2011). First report of colonies of sylvatic Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Paraguayan Chaco, using a trained dog. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001026"}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/16\/11\/1103\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T05:40:32Z","timestamp":1761889232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/16\/11\/1103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["insects16111103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects16111103","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]}}}