{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T05:19:27Z","timestamp":1762492767157,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32270460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011186","name":"Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023IOZ0104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023IOZ0104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011186","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biodiversity Conservation and Integrated Pest Management","award":["SKLA2502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLA2502"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The thorax, which serves as the primary center of locomotion for insects, consists of a highly intricate skeletomuscular system. The thoracic morphological transformations during the pupal stage reveal the developmental formation of locomotor systems. Asiophrida xanthospilota is not only capable of flight but is also an exceptional jumper. In this study, we employed micro-CT and 3D reconstruction to document the thoracic internal anatomy of this species on pupal days 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12, with the goal of achieving a more comprehensive understanding of their locomotion mechanisms. In A. xanthospilota, a membrane connecting the occiput and metaphragma is present from pupal days 2 to 8, serving as the attachment site for the notal muscles. Morphological changes in some endoskeletal structures during development result in corresponding shifts in the origins or insertions of associated muscles. On the first day, most muscles are present in the pro- and mesothorax, while the metathorax contains comparatively few, a pattern likely linked to the primary reliance on jumping locomotion of the species. Some muscles that appear only during the early and middle pupal stages might function in structural support. Muscular morphology undergoes diverse changes that are difficult to generalize. On day 4, the muscles show a comparatively small relative volume, which might reflect experimental error or other underlying factors. In addition, the gut and nerve remain largely unchanged. It should be noted that the stroma within the thoracic cavity might have hindered the precise identification of muscles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16111133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T16:09:47Z","timestamp":1762358987000},"page":"1133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Morphological Changes in Thoracic Internal Structures of Asiophrida xanthospilota (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) During Pupal Period"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Irfan","family":"Haider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biodiversity Conservation and Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7056-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biodiversity Conservation and Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5667-1028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biodiversity Conservation and Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youyou","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biodiversity Conservation and Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zulong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biodiversity Conservation and Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Plant Protection Research Center, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biodiversity Conservation and Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biodiversity Conservation and Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4519-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sipei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biodiversity Conservation and Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5924-3400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siqin","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biodiversity Conservation and Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beutel, R.G., Friedrich, F., Ge, S.Q., and Yang, X.K. (2014). Insect Morphology and Phylogeny, Walter de Gruyter GmbH. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110264043"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellington, C.P. (1985). Power and efficiency of insect flight muscle. J. Exp. Biol., 115.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.115.1.293"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodsky, A.K. (1994). The Evolution of Insect Flight, Oxford University Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198546818.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-011-9278-1","article-title":"Regulating the contraction of insect flight muscle","volume":"32","author":"Bullard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berry, R.P., and Ibbotson, M.R. (2010). A three-dimensional atlas of the honeybee neck. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010771"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00365219","article-title":"Facts on optic flow","volume":"56","author":"Koenderink","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2806(07)34005-8","article-title":"Sensory systems and flight stability: What do insects measure and why?","volume":"34","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2806(08)60039-9","article-title":"Pattern and control of walking in insects","volume":"18","author":"Graham","year":"1985","journal-title":"Adv. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-013-1731-6","article-title":"Slowly contracting muscles power the rapid jumping of planthopper insects (Hemiptera, Issidae)","volume":"355","author":"Burrows","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/jzs.12195","article-title":"The unique locomoter apparatus of whirligig beetles of the tribe Orectochilini (Gyrinidae, Coleoptera)","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/46737","article-title":"The origins of insects metamorphosis","volume":"401","author":"Truman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icl033","article-title":"Imperfect eggs and oviform nymphs: A history of idea about the origins of insect metamorphsis","volume":"46","author":"Erezyilmaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Johnston, P.R., Reynolds, S.E., and Rolff, J. (2019). The Evolution of Complete Metamorphosis, Royal Society."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190063","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0063","article-title":"Complete metamorphosis of insects","volume":"374","author":"Rolff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dudley, R. (2000). The Biomechanics of Insect Flight: Form, Function and Evolution, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691186344"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2013-0196","article-title":"Recent developments in the study of insect flight","volume":"93","author":"Hedrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Ravi, S., Kolomenskiy, D., and Tanaka, H. (2016). Biomechanics and biomimetics in insect-inspired flight systems. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci., 371.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0390"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1500","article-title":"Anti-predator defense drives parallel morphological evolution in flea beetles","volume":"278","author":"Ge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2011.12.009","article-title":"Escape behaviors in insects","volume":"22","author":"Card","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Chapman, R.F. (2013). The Insects Structure and Function, Cambridge University Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.1881.tb01532.x","article-title":"Descriptions of new species of Galerucid\u00e6","volume":"29","author":"Baly","year":"1881","journal-title":"Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.915.38348","article-title":"The jumping mechanism of flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticini), its application to bionics and preliminary design for a robotic jumping leg","volume":"915","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zookeys"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Zong, L. (2024). Genome sequencing and molecular mechanism of jumping behavior of Ophrida xanthospilota and Agasicles hygrophila. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.03.012","article-title":"Virtual forensic entomology: Improving estimates of minimum post-mortem interval with 3D micro-computed tomography","volume":"220","author":"Richards","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130304","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0304","article-title":"Metamorphosis revealed: Time-lapse three-dimensional imaging inside a living chrysalis","volume":"10","author":"Lowe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20660","article-title":"Looking into the puparium: Micro-CT visualization of the internal morphological changes during metamorphosis of the blow fly, Calliphora vicina, with the first quantitative analysis of organ development in cyclorrhaphous dipterans","volume":"278","author":"Simonsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2018.05.001","article-title":"Micro-computed tomography of pupal metamorphosis in the solitary bee Megachile rotundata","volume":"47","author":"Helm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthropod. Struct. Dev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, C.J., Ang, Y.C., Wang, M.Q., Gao, C.X., Zhang, K.Y., Tang, C.F., Liu, X.Y., Li, M., Yang, D., and Meier, R. (2020). Contribution to understanding the evolution of holometaboly: Transformation of internal head structures during the metamorphosis in the green lacewing Chrysopa pallens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). BMC Evol. Biol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-020-01643-2"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.12993","article-title":"Evolution of holometaboly revealed by developmental transformation of internal thoracic structures in a green lacewing Chrysopa pallens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S.P., Yin, H.D., Li, W.J., Qin, Z.H., Yang, Y., Huang, Z.Z., Zong, L., Liu, X.K., Du, Z., and Fan, W.L. (2023). The morphological transformation of the thorax during the eclosion of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Insects, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14110893"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3897\/asp.73.e31821","article-title":"Transformation of head structures during the metamorphosis of Chrysomela populi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)","volume":"73","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthropod Syst. Phylogeny"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12808","article-title":"The tracheal system in post-embryonic development of holometabolous insects: A case study using the mealworm beetle","volume":"232","author":"Iwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-024-03877-8","article-title":"Anatomical changes of Tenebrio molitor and Tribolium castaneum during complete metamorphosis","volume":"396","author":"Vommaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03413-x","article-title":"Micro-CT data of complete metamorphosis process in Harmonia axyridis","volume":"11","author":"Shu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S.P., Liu, X.K., Zhang, L.J., Wang, X.S., Zhang, X.Y., Zong, L., Li, W.J., Huang, Z.Z., Liu, X., and Ge, S.Q. (2025). Transformation of internal thoracic structures of Callobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) from larva to adult. Insects, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16030324"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.4289\/07-041.1","article-title":"Description of the immature stages of Ophrida xanthospilota (Baly) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) from China","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruan, Y.Y., Zhang, M.N., Kundrata, R., Qiu, L., Ge, S.Q., Yang, X.K., Chen, X.Q., and Jiang, S.H. (2022). Functional morphology of the thorax of the click beetle Campsosternus auratus (Coleoptera, Elateridae), with an emphasis on its jumping mechanism. Insects, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13030248"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2007.04.003","article-title":"The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera","volume":"37","author":"Friedrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthropod. Struct. Dev."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Atlas of Drosophila development","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Bate","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Development of Drosophila melanogaster"}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/16\/11\/1133\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T05:15:36Z","timestamp":1762492536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/16\/11\/1133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["insects16111133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects16111133","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4450"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]}}}