{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:41:07Z","timestamp":1791560467448,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research Project of Henan Province","award":["251111113200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["251111113200"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Project of Henan Province","award":["231111111000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["231111111000"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31970480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31970480"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006407","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["212300410063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212300410063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lepidopterans produce two distinct types of sperm: nucleated eupyrene sperm for fertilization and anucleate apyrene sperm for auxiliary functions. However, the mechanisms underlying sperm dimorphism in fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda remain poorly understood. Serine\u2013Arginine Protein Kinases (SRPKs) are a class of kinases that catalyze the phosphorylation of SR proteins, but recent studies have shown that SRPK is critical for chromatin remodeling of sperm in mammals. Whether SRPK is involved in lepidopteran spermatogenesis is completely unknown. Here, we describe the entire process of elongation and maturation of both eupyrene and apyrene sperm bundles in S. frugiperda. The eupyrene sperm bundles elongated from the 3-day-old 6th-instar larvae, transiently forming a bowling-pin shape prior to cytoplasmic extrusion and finally maturing into structures with a fan-shaped head and slender tail after eclosion. In contrast, apyrene sperm bundles originated at 2-day-old pupae, where they underwent immediate nuclear extrusion and elongated into bundles that later coiled into a mature, spindle-shaped spool conformation in male adults. Larval knockdown of Serine\u2013Arginine Protein Kinase 3 (SRPK3) significantly reduced apyrene sperm ratio and induced precocious maturation of eupyrene sperm, accompanied by acrosomal malformations. Furthermore, we observed a marked downregulation of cytoskeletal genes\u2014including \u03b1-tubulin and cofilin\u2014in non-testicular tissues and \u03b2-actin in testicular tissues. In contrast, the expression of dynamin and Lasp was upregulated in the testis and non-testicular tissues, respectively. Our results indicate that SRPK3 regulates both apyrene sperm differentiation and eupyrene sperm maturation by modulating the expression of cytoskeletal components, which provides new clues for lepidopteran spermatogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16121256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T11:17:27Z","timestamp":1765451847000},"page":"1256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Knockdown of Serine\u2013Arginine Protein Kinase 3 Impairs Sperm Development in Spodoptera frugiperda"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yilin","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology, The International Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology in Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang 473061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology, The International Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology in Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang 473061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruoke","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology, The International Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology in Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang 473061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7888-4295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology, The International Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology in Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang 473061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology, The International Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology in Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang 473061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology, The International Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology in Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang 473061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2100-4145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dandan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology, The International Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology in Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang 473061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.2307\/3494982","article-title":"The Fall Armyworm: A Bibliography","volume":"72","author":"Ashley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Fla. 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