{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T05:23:54Z","timestamp":1770960234696,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme REACT","award":["101059523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101059523"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011091","name":"Belgian Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RI 21\/A-373 TEPHRIFADE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI 21\/A-373 TEPHRIFADE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011091","name":"Belgian Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF 25\/03 PESTFLY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF 25\/03 PESTFLY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is a major insect pest of commercial fruit and a quarantine priority in the European Union (EU). This tephritid species was previously recorded in Austria, France, and Italy, with more recent detections in Greece. In 2023 and 2024, B. dorsalis adult males were captured by the Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC) using traps placed in community gardens and produce markets in Belgium. Morphological identification confirmed the specimens as B. dorsalis. Genomes of trapped adults were sequenced, as well as a historical set of B. dorsalis larvae intercepted by FASFC from imported fruit. A nuclear single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis revealed that three Belgian B. dorsalis adults originated from Africa, while eight others were of Asian origin. In contrast, almost all FASFC intercepted larvae had an African origin. A discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) of the \u201cFolmer\u201d region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene largely confirmed the SNP analysis but also indicated that, in a few cases, mitonuclear discordance may confound origin tracing. To enable geographic origin tracing in a laboratory setting, a diagnostic set of nuclear SNPs was developed. The DAPC was also implemented in a streamlined R-script, allowing origin assignment using a mitochondrial COI barcode. To conclude, our study reveals independent occurrences of B. dorsalis in Belgium and provides important tools for origin tracing of this quarantine pest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16121271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T09:36:39Z","timestamp":1765791399000},"page":"1271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genomic Tracing Reveals Multiple Independent Occurrences of Bactrocera dorsalis in Belgium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sam","family":"Vanbergen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA), Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium"},{"name":"Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6088-1290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Deschepper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA), Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium"},{"name":"Biology Department, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences (RBINS), Vautierstreet 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Van Autreve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC), Kruidtuinlaan 55, 1000 Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Huyshauwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC), Kruidtuinlaan 55, 1000 Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Virgilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA), Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6191-0604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jochem","family":"Bonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 96, 9820 Merelbeke-Melle, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4612-8969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wannes","family":"Dermauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 96, 9820 Merelbeke-Melle, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-022-01498-0","article-title":"Global Drivers of Historical True Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Invasions","volume":"96","author":"Trombik","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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