{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T14:01:02Z","timestamp":1765807262465,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFD1400705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFD1400705"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yuelushan Laboratory Breeding Program","award":["YLS-2025-ZY04067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YLS-2025-ZY04067"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Changsha City","award":["kq2402145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2402145"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project","award":["2024CX101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CX101"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project","award":["2024CX102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CX102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The glucose\u2013methanol\u2013choline (GMC) oxidoreductase superfamily constitutes a crucial group of enzymes involved in diverse physiological processes in insects. However, a systematic investigation of this gene family in the rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis\u2014a major migratory rice pest\u2014remains lacking. This study identified 54 CmGMC genes in C. medinalis. Genomic analysis revealed its uneven chromosomal distribution, with a conserved 12-gene tandem cluster on chromosome 23. Phylogenetic analysis classified the CmGMC genes into distinct clades, clarifying their evolutionary relationships with GMC homologs in other species. Furthermore, spatiotemporal expression profiling revealed expression of 36 CmGMC genes across all developmental stages and tissues examined, indicating the high transcriptional activity of GMC oxidoreductase genes in C. medinalis. To investigate their role in insecticide response, we examined changes in CmGMC expression following spinetoram treatment. At 48 h post treatment, 20 and 8 genes were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, indicating that specific GMC oxidoreductases may play crucial roles in the molecular response of C. medinalis to spinetoram. This study provides a foundation for understanding the biological functions of GMC oxidoreductases in C. medinalis and reveals their response to the insecticide spinetoram.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16121272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T13:32:37Z","timestamp":1765805557000},"page":"1272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification and Analysis of the GMC Oxidoreductase Family Genes in Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Their Response to Spinetoram"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Conghui","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8079-8402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengqi","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changsha 410125, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0101-8726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changsha 410125, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haixia","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinyang 464000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2386-6897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kailong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changsha 410125, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horticulture Research Institute of Tonghua City, Tonghua 134001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2442-672X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daohong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingyong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changsha 410125, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.01.008","article-title":"An organism-level quantitative flux model of metabolism in mice","volume":"37","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50660-3","article-title":"Oxidation-resuction-sensitive binding of lung protrin to rat catalase messenger-RNA","volume":"267","author":"Clerch","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. 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